{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:16:47Z","timestamp":1769757407634,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":60,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011039","name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TrojAI W911NF-19-S-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TrojAI W911NF-19-S-0012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2342250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2342250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2319944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2319944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3620666.3651387","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T12:08:21Z","timestamp":1713960501000},"page":"639-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Merlin: Multi-tier Optimization of eBPF Code for Performance and Compactness"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0663-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinsong","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5190-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5017-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-8948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/blog\/products\/containers-kubernetes\/bringing-ebpf-and-cilium-to-google-kubernetes-engine","author":"Bringing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bringing ebpf and cilium to google kubernetes engine | google cloud blog. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/blog\/products\/containers-kubernetes\/bringing-ebpf-and-cilium-to-google-kubernetes-engine, 2020. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/cilium.io\/blog\/2020\/10\/09\/cilium-in-alibaba-cloud\/","author":"How","year":"2020","unstructured":"How alibaba cloud uses cilium for high-performance cloud-native networking. https:\/\/cilium.io\/blog\/2020\/10\/09\/cilium-in-alibaba-cloud\/, 2020. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/nvd.nist.gov\/vuln\/detail\/CVE-2021-3490","author":"Nvd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nvd - cve-2021-3490. https:\/\/nvd.nist.gov\/vuln\/detail\/CVE-2021-3490, 2021. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/questions\/70841631\/bpf-verifier-says-program-exceeds-1m-instruction","year":"2022","unstructured":"c - bpf verifier says program exceeds 1m instruction - stack over-flow. https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/questions\/70841631\/bpf-verifier-says-program-exceeds-1m-instruction, 2022. Accessed: 2024-03-04."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/microsoft-and-isovalent-partner-to-bring-next-generation-ebpf-dataplane-for-cloudnative-applications-in-azure\/","author":"Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft and isovalent partner to bring next generation ebpf dataplane for cloud-native applications in azure | microsoft azure blog. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/microsoft-and-isovalent-partner-to-bring-next-generation-ebpf-dataplane-for-cloudnative-applications-in-azure\/, 2022. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/about-aws\/whats-new\/2023\/07\/amazon-guardduty-eks-monitoring-systems-processor\/","author":"Amazon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amazon guardduty eks runtime monitoring expands operating systems and processor support. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/about-aws\/whats-new\/2023\/07\/amazon-guardduty-eks-monitoring-systems-processor\/, 2023. Accessed: 2023-11-1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/bpf_design_QA.html#q-what-are-the-verifier-limits","author":"Bpf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bpf design q&a --- the linux kernel documentation. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/bpf_design_QA.html#q-what-are-the-verifier-limits, 2023. Accessed: 2024-03-04."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/","author":"Bpf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bpf documentation --- the linux kernel documentation. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/, 2023. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"v1.0 --- the linux kernel documentation. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/standardization\/instruction-set.html","year":"2023","unstructured":"ebpf instruction set specification, v1.0 --- the linux kernel documentation. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/standardization\/instruction-set.html, 2023. Accessed: 2023-11-06."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/verifier.html","year":"2023","unstructured":"ebpf verifier - the linux kernel documentation. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/bpf\/verifier.html, 2023. Accessed: 2023-11-06."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"kubernetes, and cloud. https:\/\/sysdig.com\/","author":"Sysdig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sysdig | security for containers, kubernetes, and cloud. https:\/\/sysdig.com\/, 2023. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.tencentcloud.com\/products\/tcm","author":"Tencent","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tencent cloud mesh | tencent cloud. https:\/\/www.tencentcloud.com\/products\/tcm, 2023. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/tetragon.io\/","author":"Tetragon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tetragon - ebpf-based security observability and runtime enforcement. https:\/\/tetragon.io\/, 2023. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.aquasec.com\/products\/tracee\/","author":"Tracee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tracee - aqua. https:\/\/www.aquasec.com\/products\/tracee\/, 2023. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Formal verification of the linux kernel ebpf verifier range analysis","author":"Bhat Sanjit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanjit Bhat and Hovav Shacham. Formal verification of the linux kernel ebpf verifier range analysis, 2022. https:\/\/sanjit-bhat.github.io\/assets\/pdf\/ebpf-verifier-range-analysis22.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC2544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30102-8_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"T-rex traffic generator. https:\/\/trex-tgn.cisco.com\/trex\/doc\/trex_manual.html","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cisco. T-rex traffic generator. https:\/\/trex-tgn.cisco.com\/trex\/doc\/trex_manual.html, 2023. Accessed: 2023-10-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Code selection through object code optimization. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), 6(4):505--526","author":"Davidson Jack W","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jack W Davidson and Christopher W Fraser. Code selection through object code optimization. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), 6(4):505--526, 1984. -0925\/84\/1000-0505. 0164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1210268.1210273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Santa Clara","author":"Devices Advanced Micro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Advanced Micro Devices. Software Optimization Guide for the AMD Zen4 Microarchitecture. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., Santa Clara, California, 2023. https:\/\/www.amd.com\/content\/dam\/amd\/en\/documents\/processor-tech-docs\/software-optimization-guides\/57647.zip."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The design and operation of {CloudLab}. In 2019 USENIX annual technical conference (USENIX ATC 19)","author":"Duplyakin Dmitry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dmitry Duplyakin, Robert Ricci, Aleksander Maricq, Gary Wong, Jonathon Duerig, Eric Eide, Leigh Stoller, Mike Hibler, David Johnson, Kirk Webb, et al. The design and operation of {CloudLab}. In 2019 USENIX annual technical conference (USENIX ATC 19), pages 1--14, 2019. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc19\/presentation\/duplyakin."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LLVMHPCHiPar51896.2020.00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411495.3421358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Lists of instruction latencies, throughputs and micro-operation breakdowns for intel, amd and via cpus","volume":"93","author":"Fog Agner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agner Fog. Instruction tables: Lists of instruction latencies, throughputs and micro-operation breakdowns for intel, amd and via cpus. Copenhagen University College of Engineering, 93:110, 2011. https:\/\/agner.org\/optimize\/.","journal-title":"Copenhagen University College of Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual","year":"2023","unstructured":"Intel. Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual: Volume 1. Intel Inc., Santa Clara, California, 2023. https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/content-details\/671488\/intel-64-and-ia-32-architectures-optimization-reference-manual-volume-1.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593856.3595892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Programmable system call security with ebpf","author":"Jia Jinghao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jinghao Jia, YiFei Zhu, Dan Williams, Andrea Arcangeli, Claudio Canella, Hubertus Franke, Tobin Feldman-Fitzthum, Dimitrios Skarlatos, Daniel Gruss, and Tianyin Xu. Programmable system call security with ebpf, 2023. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2302.10366."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Performance analysis of {XDP} programs","author":"Jones Zachary H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zachary H Jones. Performance analysis of {XDP} programs. 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Postmark: A new file system benchmark. TR3022","author":"Katcher Jeffrey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jeffrey Katcher. Postmark: A new file system benchmark. TR3022, 1997. https:\/\/www.filesystems.org\/docs\/auto-pilot\/Postmark.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/178243.178256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492321.3519562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13374-9_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472883.3486976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362835.362838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"USA","author":"McVoy Larry W","year":"1996","unstructured":"Larry W McVoy and Carl Staelin. lmbench: Portable tools for performance analysis. In USENIX annual technical conference, pages 279--294. San Diego, CA, USA, 1996. https:\/\/lmbench.sourceforge.net\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371927.3371929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPSR.2018.8850758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3594255.3594256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3055676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3127479.3129249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582016.3582035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITC30.2018.00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","author":"Sekar R","year":"2023","unstructured":"R Sekar, Hanke Kimm, and Rohit Aich. eaudit: A fast, scalable and deployable audit data collection system. In 2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pages 87--87. IEEE Computer Society, 2023. http:\/\/seclab.cs.stonybrook.edu\/seclab\/pubs\/eaudit.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSS.2000.874049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3281480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37709-9_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/103135.103136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3281411.3281426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3452296.3472929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","first-page":"375","volume-title":"16th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 22)","author":"Zhong Yuhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuhong Zhong, Haoyu Li, Yu Jian Wu, Ioannis Zarkadas, Jeffrey Tao, Evan Mesterhazy, Michael Makris, Junfeng Yang, Amy Tai, Ryan Stutsman, and Asaf Cidon. XRP: In-Kernel storage functions with eBPF. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 22), pages 375--393, Carlsbad, CA, July 2022. USENIX Association. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi22\/presentation\/zhong."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","first-page":"1391","volume-title":"20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23)","author":"Zhou Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Zhou, Zezhou Wang, Sowmya Dharanipragada, and Minlan Yu. Electrode: Accelerating distributed protocols with eBPF. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23), pages 1391--1407, Boston, MA, April 2023. USENIX Association. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi23\/presentation\/zhou."}],"event":{"name":"ASPLOS '24: 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 3","location":"La Jolla CA USA","acronym":"ASPLOS '24","sponsor":["SIGARCH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture","SIGOPS ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems","SIGPLAN ACM Special Interest Group on Programming Languages","SIGBED ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 3"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3620666.3651387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/3620666.3651387","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:03:43Z","timestamp":1750291423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3620666.3651387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3620666.3651387","10.1145\/3620666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3620666.3651387","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}