{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:33:21Z","timestamp":1775745201286,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3620678.3624783","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T13:58:07Z","timestamp":1698760687000},"page":"443-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["How Does It Function? Characterizing Long-term Trends in Production Serverless Workloads"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6189-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artjom","family":"Joosen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Edinburgh, Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4902-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Edinburgh, Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4610-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Asenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Edinburgh, Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0035-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkarn","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Edinburgh, Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6163-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Darlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Edinburgh, Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4709-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Research Centre, Central Software Institute, Huawei, Hangzhou City, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0463-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Edinburgh Research Centre and School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications","volume":"20","author":"Agache Alexandru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexandru Agache, Marc Brooker, Alexandra Iordache, Anthony Liguori, Rolf Neugebauer, Phil Piwonka, and Diana-Maria Popa. 2020. Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications.. In NSDI, Vol. 20. 419--434.","journal-title":"NSDI"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UCC.2014.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Apache OpenWhisk. 2016. Open Source Serverless Cloud Platform. https:\/\/openwhisk.apache.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/233008.233034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2254756.2254766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3533382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419111.3421286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"N-hits: Neural hierarchical interpolation for time series forecasting. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.12886","author":"Challu Cristian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cristian Challu, Kin G Olivares, Boris N Oreshkin, Federico Garza, Max Mergenthaler-Canseco, and Artur Dubrawski. 2022. N-hits: Neural hierarchical interpolation for time series forecasting. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.12886 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Self-similarity in World Wide Web traffic: Evidence and possible causes","author":"Crovella Mark E","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mark E Crovella and Azer Bestavros. 1997. Self-similarity in World Wide Web traffic: Evidence and possible causes. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on networking 5, 6 (1997), 835--846."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Long-term Forecasting with","author":"Das Abhimanyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abhimanyu Das, Weihao Kong, Andrew Leach, Shaan K Mathur, Rajat Sen, and Rose Yu. 2023. Long-term Forecasting with TiDE: Time-series Dense Encoder. Transactions on Machine Learning Research (2023). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=pCbC3aQB5W"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3423211.3425690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Workload modeling for computer systems performance evaluation","author":"Feitelson Dror G","unstructured":"Dror G Feitelson. 2015. Workload modeling for computer systems performance evaluation. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Serverless Computing: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back. In 9th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, CIDR","author":"Hellerstein Joseph M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joseph M. Hellerstein, Jose M. Faleiro, Joseph Gonzalez, Johann Schleier-Smith, Vikram Sreekanti, Alexey Tumanov, and Chenggang Wu. 2019. Serverless Computing: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back. In 9th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, CIDR 2019, Asilomar, CA, USA, January 13-16, 2019, Online Proceedings. www.cidrdb.org. http:\/\/cidrdb.org\/cidr2019\/papers\/p119-hellerstein-cidr19.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3586589.3586713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2021.108441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Knative. 2020. Knative Serverless Platform. https:\/\/knative.dev\/docs\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"\"AWS Lambda\". 2020. Coca-Cola Freestyle Launches Touchless Fountain Experience in 100 Days Using AWS Lambda. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/solutions\/case-studies\/coca-cola-freestyle\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Help Rather Than Recycle: Alleviating Cold Startup in Serverless Computing Through Inter-Function Container Sharing. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22)","author":"Li Zijun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zijun Li, Linsong Guo, Quan Chen, Jiagan Cheng, Chuhao Xu, Deze Zeng, Zhuo Song, Tao Ma, Yong Yang, Chao Li, et al. 2022. Help Rather Than Recycle: Alleviating Cold Startup in Serverless Computing Through Inter-Function Container Sharing. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22). 69--84."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3530892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Frank San Miguel. 2021. The Netflix Cosmos Platform. https:\/\/netflixtechblog.com\/the-netflix-cosmos-platform-35c14d9351ad."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Nie Yuqi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuqi Nie, Nam H. Nguyen, Phanwadee Sinthong, and Jayant Kalagnanam. 2023. A Time Series is Worth 64 Words: Long-term Forecasting with Transformers. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Openshift. 2021. OpenShift Serverless overview. https:\/\/docs.openshift.com\/serverless\/1.29\/about\/about-serverless.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2457459.2457463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"\"Microsoft Research\". 2019. Azure Public Dataset. https:\/\/github.com\/Azure\/AzurePublicDataset\/tree\/master."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Methods in enzymology.","author":"Richman Joshua S","unstructured":"Joshua S Richman, Douglas E Lake, and J Randall Moorman. 2004. Sample entropy. In Methods in enzymology. Vol. 384. Elsevier, 172--184."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2009.5062023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20)","author":"Shahrad Mohammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammad Shahrad, Rodrigo Fonseca, Inigo Goiri, Gohar Chaudhry, Paul Batum, Jason Cooke, Eduardo Laureano, Colby Tresness, Mark Russinovich, and Ricardo Bianchini. 2020. Serverless in the Wild: Characterizing and Optimizing the Serverless Workload at a Large Cloud Provider. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20). USENIX Association, 205--218. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc20\/presentation\/shahrad"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2987550.2987561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419111.3421275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Zhijing Gene Qin, Steven Hand, Mor Harchol-Balter, and John Wilkes.","author":"Tirmazi Muhammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muhammad Tirmazi, Adam Barker, Nan Deng, Md Ehtesam Haque, Zhijing Gene Qin, Steven Hand, Mor Harchol-Balter, and John Wilkes. 2020. Borg: the Next Generation. In EuroSys'20. Heraklion, Crete."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Neuralprophet: Explainable forecasting at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.15397","author":"Triebe Oskar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oskar Triebe, Hansika Hewamalage, Polina Pilyugina, Nikolay Laptev, Christoph Bergmeir, and Ram Rajagopal. 2021. Neuralprophet: Explainable forecasting at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.15397 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Raphael Vallat. 2018. AntroPy: entropy and complexity of (EEG) time-series in Python. https:\/\/github.com\/raphaelvallat\/antropy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2741948.2741964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 21)","author":"Wang Ao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ao Wang, Shuai Chang, Huangshi Tian, Hongqi Wang, Haoran Yang, Huiba Li, Rui Du, and Yue Cheng. 2021. Faasnet: Scalable and fast provisioning of custom serverless container runtimes at alibaba cloud function compute. In 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 21)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18)","author":"Wang Liang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liang Wang, Mengyuan Li, Yinqian Zhang, Thomas Ristenpart, and Michael Swift. 2018. Peeking behind the curtains of serverless platforms. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18). 133--146."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22)","author":"Weng Qizhen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qizhen Weng, Wencong Xiao, Yinghao Yu, Wei Wang, Cheng Wang, Jian He, Yong Li, Liping Zhang, Wei Lin, and Yu Ding. 2022. MLaaS in the wild: Workload analysis and scheduling in Large-Scale heterogeneous GPU clusters. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22). USENIX Association, 945--960."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"TimesNet: Temporal 2D-Variation Modeling for General Time Series Analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02186","author":"Wu Haixu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haixu Wu, Tengge Hu, Yong Liu, Hang Zhou, Jianmin Wang, and Mingsheng Long. 2022. TimesNet: Temporal 2D-Variation Modeling for General Time Series Analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02186 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1218063.1217968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23)","author":"Yu Minchen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minchen Yu, Tingjia Cao, Wei Wang, and Ruichuan Chen. 2023. Following the data, not the function: Rethinking function orchestration in serverless computing. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23). 1489--1504."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Are transformers effective for time series forecasting? arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.13504","author":"Zeng Ailing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ailing Zeng, Muxi Chen, Lei Zhang, and Qiang Xu. 2022. Are transformers effective for time series forecasting? arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.13504 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477132.3483580"}],"event":{"name":"SoCC '23: ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","location":"Santa Cruz CA USA","acronym":"SoCC '23","sponsor":["SIGMOD ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data","SIGOPS ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3620678.3624783","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3620678.3624783","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T15:56:30Z","timestamp":1755878190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3620678.3624783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3620678.3624783","10.1145\/3620678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3620678.3624783","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}