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This is especially true in fields such as healthcare to meet the rigorous security and regulatory requirements of ever-expanding digital health platforms. Existing blockchain systems, however, offer little or no support for querying capabilities over historical data. Although a full blockchain archive node can be used to maintain historical records of all executed transactions on the chain, it is not scalable when dealing with large volumes of data. Moreover, such \u2018offline\u2019 historical data lack tamper evidence support.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To address these issues, we introduce an authenticated index structure called Authenticated Multi-Version Skip List (AMVSL), designed to support a rich set of query features over historical blockchain data. We further present three range queries: SVRK, MVRK, and MVAK, which offer querying over a range of keys and a range of versions. Our experimental evaluation of two healthcare-inspired examples demonstrates that AMVSL efficiently supports these queries and can achieve performance that is several orders of magnitude faster than existing authenticated data structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3624575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T15:43:56Z","timestamp":1696607036000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Authenticated Range Querying of Historical Blockchain Healthcare Data Using Authenticated Multi-Version Index"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shlomi","family":"Linoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suprio","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1923-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Stakhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4421-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Scheme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"J. 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