{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:30:09Z","timestamp":1774449009993,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Enabling confidential computing with AMD SEV-SNP technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3624576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T13:10:41Z","timestamp":1703164241000},"page":"54-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hardware VM Isolation in the Cloud"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMD, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"AMD SEV-SNP: Strengthening VM isolation with integrity protection and more. AMD White Paper","author":"AMD.","year":"2020","unstructured":"AMD. AMD SEV-SNP: Strengthening VM isolation with integrity protection and more. AMD White Paper, 2020; https:\/\/bit.ly\/46cydC5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"AMD SEV-TIO: trusted I\/O for secure encrypted virtualization. AMD White Paper","author":"AMD.","year":"2023","unstructured":"AMD. AMD SEV-TIO: trusted I\/O for secure encrypted virtualization. AMD White Paper, 2023; https:\/\/bit.ly\/3EzG1Sr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"SEV-ES guest hypervisor communication block standardization","author":"AMD.","year":"2023","unstructured":"AMD. SEV-ES guest hypervisor communication block standardization, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"SEV secure nested paging firmware ABI specification","author":"AMD.","year":"2022","unstructured":"AMD. SEV secure nested paging firmware ABI specification, 2022; https:\/\/www.amd.com\/system\/files\/TechDocs\/56860.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"AMD. Versioned chip endorsement key (VCEK) certificate and KDS interface specification 2023; https:\/\/www.amd.com\/system\/files\/TechDocs\/57230.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"AWS. Amazon EC2 now supports AMD SEV-SNP 2023; https:\/\/go.aws\/3ZlqqzG."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Azure confidential VMs using SEV-SNP (DCasv5\/ECasv5) are now generally available. Microsoft Azure Confidential Computing Blog","author":"Cai R.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai, R. Azure confidential VMs using SEV-SNP (DCasv5\/ECasv5) are now generally available. Microsoft Azure Confidential Computing Blog, 2022; https:\/\/bit.ly\/45KHd1x."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"COCONUT Secure VM Service Module; https:\/\/github.com\/coconut-svsm\/svsm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"AMD","author":"Comp L.","unstructured":"Comp, L. Microsoft Azure confidential computing powered by 3rd gen EPYC CPUs. AMD, 2021; https:\/\/bit.ly\/45M8q3S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"DMTF. All published versions of DSP0274 2023; https:\/\/www.dmtf.org\/dsp\/DSP0274."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Integrity and Data Encryption and IO security updates. PCI-SIG","author":"Harriman D.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harriman, D. Integrity and Data Encryption and IO security updates. PCI-SIG, 2022; https:\/\/pcisig.com\/blog\/integrity-and-data-encryption-ide-and-io-security-updates."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"AMD memory encryption. AMD White Paper","author":"Kaplan D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaplan, D., Powell, J., Woller, T. AMD memory encryption. AMD White Paper, 2021; https:\/\/bit.ly\/45NI01C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Linux SVSM; https:\/\/github.com\/AMDESE\/linux-svsm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Confidential VMs on Azure. Microsoft Windows OS Platform Blog","author":"Perez-Vargas C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perez-Vargas, C. Confidential VMs on Azure. Microsoft Windows OS Platform Blog, 2023; https:\/\/bit.ly\/45LD9xH."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"TEE Device Interface Security Protocol","author":"SIG.","year":"2022","unstructured":"PCI-SIG. TEE Device Interface Security Protocol, 2022; https:\/\/pcisig.com\/tee-device-interface-security-protocol-tdisp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3453930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"See https:\/\/www.spec.org for more information about SPEC\u00ae benchmarks."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"VirTEE; https:\/\/github.com\/virtee\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Google Cloud Blog","author":"Young J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Young, J. Oh SNP! VMs get even more confidential. Google Cloud Blog, 2023; https:\/\/bit.ly\/3P7egW8."}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3624576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3624576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T18:03:37Z","timestamp":1755972217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3624576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3624576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3624576","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}