{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:49:11Z","timestamp":1774334951333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62202324, 62322208, and 62232001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62202324, 62322208, and 62232001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Fault localization, aiming at localizing the root cause of the bug under repair, has been a longstanding research topic. Although many approaches have been proposed in past decades, most of the existing studies work at coarse-grained statement or method levels with very limited insights about how to repair the bug (\n            <jats:italic>granularity problem<\/jats:italic>\n            ), but few studies target the finer-grained fault localization. In this article, we target the\n            <jats:italic>granularity problem<\/jats:italic>\n            and propose a novel finer-grained variable-level fault localization technique. Specifically, the basic idea of our approach is that fault-relevant variables may exhibit different values in failed and passed test runs, and variables that have higher discrimination ability have a larger possibility to be the root causes of the failure. Based on this, we propose a program-dependency-enhanced decision tree model to boost the identification of fault-relevant variables via discriminating failed and passed test cases based on the variable values. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we have implemented it in a tool called\n            <jats:sc>VarDT<\/jats:sc>\n            and conducted an extensive study over the Defects4J benchmark. The results show that\n            <jats:sc>VarDT<\/jats:sc>\n            outperforms the state-of-the-art fault localization approaches with at least 268.4% improvement in terms of bugs located at Top-1, and the average improvement is 351.3%.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            Besides, to investigate whether our finer-grained fault localization result can further improve the effectiveness of downstream APR techniques, we have adapted\n            <jats:sc>VarDT<\/jats:sc>\n            to the application of patch filtering, where we use the variables located by\n            <jats:sc>VarDT<\/jats:sc>\n            to filter incorrect patches. The results denote that\n            <jats:sc>VarDT<\/jats:sc>\n            outperforms the state-of-the-art PATCH-SIM and BATS by filtering 14.8% and 181.8% more incorrect patches, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. It also provides a new way of thinking for improving automatic program repair techniques.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3624741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T12:31:02Z","timestamp":1695040262000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Variable-based Fault Localization via Enhanced Decision Tree"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1983-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9273-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6951-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5897-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PRDC.2006.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/TAIC.PART.2007.13","volume-title":"Testing: Academic and Industrial Conference Practice and Research Techniques - MUTATION (TAICPART-MUTATION\u201907)","author":"Abreu Rui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rui Abreu, Peter Zoeteweij, and Arjan J. C. Van Gemund. 2007. On the accuracy of spectrum-based fault localization. In Testing: Academic and Industrial Conference Practice and Research Techniques - MUTATION (TAICPART-MUTATION\u201907). 89\u201398."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/93542.93576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1273463.1273467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1806799.1806839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"177","volume-title":"International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","author":"Le Tien-Duy B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tien-Duy B. Le, David Lo, Claire Le Goues, and Lars Grunske. 2016. A learning-to-rank based fault localization approach using likely invariants. In International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. 177\u2013188."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1831708.1831717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation","author":"Bai Zhuofu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhuofu Bai, Gang Shu, and Andy Podgurski. 2015. NUMFL: Localizing faults in numerical software using a value-based causal model. In International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation. 1\u201310. DOI:10.1109\/ICST.2015.7102597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages","author":"Banning John P.","year":"1979","unstructured":"John P. Banning. 1979. An efficient way to find the side effects of procedure calls and the aliases of variables. In ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. 29\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"Springer, 1\u20134","volume-title":"Noise Reduction in Speech Processing","author":"Benesty Jacob","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacob Benesty, Jingdong Chen, Yiteng Huang, and Israel Cohen. 2009. Pearson correlation coefficient. In Noise Reduction in Speech Processing. Springer, 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","author":"Breiman Leo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Leo Breiman, Jerome H. Friedman, Richard A. Olshen, and Charles J. Stone. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"10","volume-title":"IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering","author":"Briand Lionel C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lionel C. Briand, Yvan Labiche, and Xuetao Liu. 2007. Using machine learning to support debugging with Tarantula. In IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering. 10 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESEM.2017.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"10","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Chandra Satish","year":"2011","unstructured":"Satish Chandra, Emina Torlak, Shaon Barman, and Rastislav Bodik. 2011. Angelic debugging. In International Conference on Software Engineering. 10 pages. DOI:10.1145\/1985793.1985811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","article-title":"Toward understanding deep learning framework bugs","author":"Chen Junjie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Junjie Chen, Yihua Liang, Qingchao Shen, Jiajun Jiang, and Shuochuan Li. 2022. Toward understanding deep learning framework bugs. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 32, 6 (2022).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2009.5070506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/53990.53996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"281","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Csallner Christoph","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christoph Csallner, Nikolai Tillmann, and Yannis Smaragdakis. 2008. DySy: Dynamic symbolic execution for invariant inference. In International Conference on Software Engineering. 281\u2013290. DOI:10.1145\/1368088.1368127"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6083-5","article-title":"Feature selection for text classification: A review","volume":"78","author":"Deng Xuelian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xuelian Deng, Yuqing Li, Jian Weng, and Jilian Zhang. 2019. Feature selection for text classification: A review. Multimed. Tools Applic. 78, 3 (2019), 3797\u20133816.","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Applic."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","volume":"373","author":"Ernst Michael D.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Michael D. Ernst, William G. Griswold, Yoshio Kataoka, and David Notkin. 1999. Dynamically discovering pointer-based program invariants. In International Conference on Software Engineering, Vol. 373."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies","author":"Fioraldi Andrea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrea Fioraldi, Dominik Maier, Heiko Ei\u00dffeldt, and Marc Heuse. 2020. AFL++: Combining incremental steps of fuzzing research. In USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"416","volume-title":"European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","author":"Fraser Gordon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gordon Fraser and Andrea Arcuri. 2011. EvoSuite: Automatic test suite generation for object-oriented software. In European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. 416\u2013419."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/154183.154269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"492","volume-title":"International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","author":"Gore Ross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross Gore, Paul F. Reynolds, and David Kamensky. 2011. Statistical debugging with elastic predicates. In International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 492\u2013495. DOI:10.1109\/ASE.2011.6100107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"376","volume-title":"International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management","author":"Gupta Aashish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aashish Gupta, Shilpa Sharma, Shubham Goyal, and Mamoon Rashid. 2020. Novel XGBoost tuned machine learning model for software bug prediction. In International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management. 376\u2013380."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2002.995792","volume-title":"European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering","author":"Hajnal A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"A. Hajnal and I. Forgacs. 2002. A precise demand-driven definition-use chaining algorithm. In European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering. 77\u201386. DOI:10.1109\/CSMR.2002.995792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390630.1390652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"502","volume-title":"International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","author":"Jiang Jiajun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiajun Jiang, Ran Wang, Yingfei Xiong, Xiangping Chen, and Lu Zhang. 2019. Combining spectrum-based fault localization and statistical debugging: An empirical study. In International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 502\u2013514. DOI:10.1109\/ASE.2019.00054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","author":"Jiang Jiajun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiajun Jiang, Yingfei Xiong, Hongyu Zhang, Qing Gao, and Xiangqun Chen. 2018. Shaping program repair space with existing patches and similar code. In International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1321631.1321660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"273","volume-title":"International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","author":"Jones James A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"James A. Jones and Mary Jean Harrold. 2005. Empirical evaluation of the tarantula automatic fault-localization technique. In International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 273\u2013282."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Jones James A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"James A. Jones, Mary Jean Harrold, and John Stasko. 2002. Visualization of test information to assist fault localization. In International Conference on Software Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"437","volume-title":"International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","author":"Just Ren\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9 Just, Darioush Jalali, and Michael D. Ernst. 2014. Defects4J: A database of existing faults to enable controlled testing studies for Java programs. In International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. 437\u2013440."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2018.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2931037.2931051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"12","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Yi\u011fit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yi\u011fit K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, Tim A. D. Henderson, and Andy Podgurski. 2021. Improving fault localization by integrating value and predicate based causal inference techniques. In International Conference on Software Engineering. 12 pages. DOI:10.1109\/ICSE43902.2021.00066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"593","volume-title":"11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering","author":"Le Xuan-Bach D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xuan-Bach D. Le, Duc-Hiep Chu, David Lo, Claire Le Goues, and Willem Visser. 2017. S3: Syntax-and semantic-guided repair synthesis via programming by examples. In 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering. 593\u2013604."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2015.2454513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"241","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation","author":"Li Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia Li, Jiajun Jiang, Samuel Benton, Yingfei Xiong, and Lingming Zhang. 2021. A large-scale study on API misuses in the wild. In International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation. 241\u2013252. DOI:10.1109\/ICST49551.2021.00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia Li and Lingming Zhang. 2017. Transforming programs and tests in tandem for fault localization. ACM Program. Lang. 1 OOPLSA (2017) 92:1\u201392:30. DOI:10.1145\/3133916","DOI":"10.1145\/3133916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"661","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Li Yi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yi Li, Shaohua Wang, and Tien N. Nguyen. 2021. Fault localization with code coverage representation learning. In International Conference on Software Engineering. 661\u2013673. DOI:10.1109\/ICSE43902.2021.00067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/781131.781148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1065010.1065014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2006.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1081706.1081753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"12","volume-title":"International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","author":"Liu Kui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kui Liu, Anil Koyuncu, Dongsun Kim, and Tegawend\u00e9 F. Bissyand\u00e9. 2019. TBar: Revisiting template-based automated program repair. In International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. 12 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3468580"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"172","article-title":"Extended comprehensive study of association measures for fault localization","volume":"26","author":"Lucia Lucia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucia Lucia, David Lo, Lingxiao Jiang, Ferdian Thung, and Aditya Budi. 2014. Extended comprehensive study of association measures for fault localization. J. Softw.: Evolut. Process 26, 2 (2014), 172\u2013219.","journal-title":"J. Softw.: Evolut. Process"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER\u201919)","author":"Madeiral Fernanda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernanda Madeiral, Simon Urli, Marcelo Maia, and Martin Monperrus. 2019. BEARS: An extensible Java bug benchmark for automatic program repair studies. In IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER\u201919). Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1901.06024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation","author":"Moon S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. Moon, Y. Kim, M. Kim, and S. Yoo. 2014. Ask the mutants: Mutating faulty programs for fault localization. In International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation. 153\u2013162. DOI:10.1109\/ICST.2014.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","first-page":"609","article-title":"Evaluating and improving fault localization","author":"Pearson Spencer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spencer Pearson, Jos\u00e9 Campos, Ren\u00e9 Just, Gordon Fraser, Rui Abreu, Michael D. Ernst, Deric Pang, and Benjamin Keller. 2017. Evaluating and improving fault localization. In International Conference on Software Engineering. 609\u2013620.","journal-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"1935","volume-title":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Perez Alexandre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexandre Perez and Rui Abreu. 2018. Leveraging qualitative reasoning to improve SFL. In International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1935\u20131941."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","first-page":"257","volume-title":"International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","author":"Qi Zichao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zichao Qi, Fan Long, Sara Achour, and Martin Rinard. 2015. An analysis of patch plausibility and correctness for generate-and-validate patch generation systems. In International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. 257\u2013269."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","volume-title":"C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning","author":"Quinlan J. Ross","year":"2014","unstructured":"J. Ross Quinlan. 2014. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1145\/3196398.3196473","volume-title":"International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR\u201918)","author":"Saha Ripon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ripon Saha, Yingjun Lyu, Wing Lam, Hiroaki Yoshida, and Mukul Prasad. 2018. Bugs.jar: A large-scale, diverse dataset of real-world Java bugs. In International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR\u201918). 10\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","author":"Saha Ripon K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ripon K. Saha, Yingjun Lyu, Hiroaki Yoshida, and Mukul R. Prasad. 2017. ELIXIR: Effective object oriented program repair. In International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. Retrieved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=3155562.3155643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"968","volume-title":"European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","author":"Shen Qingchao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qingchao Shen, Haoyang Ma, Junjie Chen, Yongqiang Tian, Shing-Chi Cheung, and Xiang Chen. 2021. A comprehensive study of deep learning compiler bugs. In European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. 968\u2013980."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3433210.3437528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"532","volume-title":"ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","author":"Smith Edward K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edward K. Smith, Earl T. Barr, Claire Le Goues, and Yuriy Brun. 2015. Is the cure worse than the disease? Overfitting in automated program repair. In ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. 532\u2013543."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3092703.3092717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1145\/2901739.2903495","volume-title":"Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories","author":"Soto Mauricio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mauricio Soto, Ferdian Thung, Chu-Pan Wong, Claire Le Goues, and David Lo. 2016. A deeper look into bug fixes: Patterns, replacements, deletions, and additions. In Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories. 512\u2013515. DOI:10.1145\/2901739.2903495"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Compiler detection of function call side effects","volume":"18","author":"Spuler David A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"David A. Spuler and A. Sayed Muhammed Sajeev. 1994. Compiler detection of function call side effects. Informatica 18, 2 (1994), 219\u2013227.","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2950290.2950295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","volume-title":"AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"32","author":"Tizpaz-Niari Saeid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeid Tizpaz-Niari, Pavol Cerny, Bor-Yuh Evan Chang, and Ashutosh Trivedi. 2018. Differential performance debugging with discriminant regression trees. In AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 32."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International Conference on Fuzzy Systems","author":"Vieira Susana M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Susana M. Vieira, Uzay Kaymak, and Jo\u00e3o M. C. Sousa. 2010. Cohen\u2019s Kappa coefficient as a performance measure for feature selection. In International Conference on Fuzzy Systems. 1\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Survey of dynamic analysis based program invariant synthesis techniques","volume":"31","author":"Wang Bo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bo Wang, Sirui Lu, Jiajun Jiang, and Yingfei Xiong. 2020. Survey of dynamic analysis based program invariant synthesis techniques. J. Softw. 31, 6 (2020), 1681\u20131702.","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","first-page":"13","volume-title":"International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","author":"Wang Shangwen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shangwen Wang, Ming Wen, Bo Lin, Hongjun Wu, Yihao Qin, Deqing Zou, Xiaoguang Mao, and Hai Jin. 2020. Automated patch correctness assessment: How far are we? In International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. 13 pages. DOI:10.1145\/3324884.3416590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Wen Ming","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ming Wen, Junjie Chen, Rongxin Wu, Dan Hao, and Shing-Chi Cheung. 2018. Context-aware patch generation for better automated program repair. In International Conference on Software Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3209590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"499","volume-title":"International Conference on Program Comprehension","author":"Widyasari Ratnadira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ratnadira Widyasari, Gede Artha Azriadi Prana, Stefanus A. Haryono, Yuan Tian, Hafil Noer Zachiary, and David Lo. 2022. XAI4FL: Enhancing spectrum-based fault localization with explainable artificial intelligence. In International Conference on Program Comprehension. 499\u2013510. DOI:10.1145\/3524610.3527902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","volume-title":"Data Mining, Fourth Edition: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (4th ed.)","author":"Witten Ian H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ian H. Witten, Eibe Frank, Mark A. Hall, and Christopher J. Pal. 2016. Data Mining, Fourth Edition: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (4th ed.)."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2013.2285319","article-title":"The DStar method for effective software fault localization","author":"Wong W. E.","year":"2014","unstructured":"W. E. Wong, V. Debroy, R. Gao, and Y. Li. 2014. The DStar method for effective software fault localization. IEEE Trans. Reliab.1 (Mar. 2014), 290\u2013308.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471462422.eoct979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3092703.3092718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Xiong Yingfei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yingfei Xiong, Xinyuan Liu, Muhan Zeng, Lu Zhang, and Gang Huang. 2018. Identifying patch correctness in test-based program repair. In International Conference on Software Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME.2014.41","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution","author":"Xuan Jifeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jifeng Xuan and Martin Monperrus. 2014. Learning to combine multiple ranking metrics for fault localization. In IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution. 191\u2013200."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3106237.3106274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2021.3071750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/587051.587053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.988498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","first-page":"12","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Zeng Muhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muhan Zeng, Yiqian Wu, Zhentao Ye, Yingfei Xiong, Xin Zhang, and Lu Zhang. 2022. Fault localization via efficient probabilistic modeling of program semantics. In International Conference on Software Engineering. 12 pages. DOI:10.1145\/3510003.3510073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy","author":"Zhang Haotian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haotian Zhang, Weiyu Dong, and Jian Lin. 2021. A partial-lifting-based compiling concolic execution approach. In International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy. 123\u2013128. DOI:10.1109\/CSP51677.2021.9357495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","first-page":"272","volume-title":"International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"Zhang Xiangyu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xiangyu Zhang, Neelam Gupta, and Rajiv Gupta. 2006. Locating faults through automated predicate switching. In International Conference on Software Engineering. 272\u2013281."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1133981.1134002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3533767.3534387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","first-page":"13","volume-title":"European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","author":"Zhu Qihao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qihao Zhu, Zeyu Sun, Yuan-an Xiao, Wenjie Zhang, Kang Yuan, Yingfei Xiong, and Lu Zhang. 2021. A syntax-guided edit decoder for neural program repair. In European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. 13 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","article-title":"An empirical study of fault localization families and their combinations","author":"Zou Daming","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daming Zou, Jingjing Liang, Yingfei Xiong, Michael D. Ernst, and Lu Zhang. 2019. An empirical study of fault localization families and their combinations. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 47, 2 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3624741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3624741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:35:44Z","timestamp":1750178144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3624741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3624741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3624741","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-331X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}