{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:55:28Z","timestamp":1787936128461,"version":"build-2784847793"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":62,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3626246.3653390","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T10:26:39Z","timestamp":1716459999000},"page":"161-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["LETUS: A Log-Structured Efficient Trusted Universal BlockChain Storage"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7654-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shikun","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4048-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhonghao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9371-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haizhen","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0726-8728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6046-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiyi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2774-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenglong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6130-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3890-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3063-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8278-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3862-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guofei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Platform Div., Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Fraud and data availability proofs: Maximising light client security and scaling blockchains with dishonest majorities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.09044","author":"Al-Bassam Mustafa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mustafa Al-Bassam, Alberto Sonnino, and Vitalik Buterin. 2018. Fraud and data availability proofs: Maximising light client security and scaling blockchains with dishonest majorities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.09044 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3452807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Z Amsden et al. 2020. The Libra Blockchain. https:\/\/diem-developers-components.netlify.app\/papers\/the-diem-blockchain\/2020-05--26.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"AntFinancial. 2019. https:\/\/www.ledgerinsights.com\/ alipay-ant-double-chain-blockchain-supply-chain."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3457558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Disk and Log in Log Structured Key-Value Stores. In 2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 363--375","author":"Balmau Oana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oana Balmau, Diego Didona, Rachid Guerraoui, Willy Zwaenepoel, Huapeng Yuan, Aashray Arora, Karan Gupta, and Pavan Konka. 2017. TRIAD: Creating Synergies Between Memory, Disk and Log in Log Structured Key-Value Stores. In 2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 363--375."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolf Bayer and Edward McCreight. 2002. Organization and maintenance of large ordered indexes. In Software pioneers. 245--262.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59412-0_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2824032.2824035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"BNB-chain. 2023. BNB Smart Chain. https:\/\/github.com\/bnb-chain\/bsc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Bnbchain.org. 2023. BNB CHAIN. https:\/\/www.bnbchain.org\/en#smartChain."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Vitalik Buterin. 2017. The Stateless Clients Concept. https:\/\/ethresear.ch\/t\/the-stateless-client-concept\/172."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"CGTN. 2023. Inaugural digital torch ignition in Asian Games history lights up the sky of Hangzhou. https:\/\/news.cgtn.com\/news\/2023-09--23\/Inaugural-digital-torch-ignition-lights-the-sky-of-Hangzhou-1nl0s8dZ08E\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Cryptonews. 2023. Asia Games 2022 Tickets to Be Issued on Alibaba-run Blockchain Network. https:\/\/cryptonews.com\/news\/asia-games-2022-tickets-to-be-issued-on-alibaba-run-blockcha-8001.htm\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3319889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Diem. 2023. diem.git. https:\/\/github.com\/diem\/diem.git."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"8th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research","volume":"3","author":"Dong Siying","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siying Dong, Mark Callaghan, Leonidas Galanis, Dhruba Borthakur, Tony Savor, and Michael Strum. 2017. Optimizing Space Amplification in RocksDB.. In 8th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, Vol. 3. 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2014. Ethereum. https:\/\/www.ethereum.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2023. go-ethereum.git. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/go-ethereum.git."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2023 a. Ethereum Full Node Sync (Archive) Chart. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/chartsync\/chainarchive."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2023 b. Ethereum Unique Addresses Chart. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/chart\/address."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Cryptokitties, cryptography, and copyright","volume":"47","author":"Evans Tonya M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tonya M Evans. 2019. Cryptokitties, cryptography, and copyright. AIPLA QJ , Vol. 47 (2019), 219.","journal-title":"AIPLA QJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Zhenhuan Gao Yuxuan Hu and Qinfan Wu. 2021. Jellyfish Merkle Tree. https:\/\/diem-developers-components.netlify.app\/papers\/jellyfish-merkle-tree\/2021-01--14.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"2021 IEEE 37th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 1392--1403","author":"Gupta Suyash","unstructured":"Suyash Gupta, Jelle Hellings, and Mohammad Sadoghi. [n.,d.]. RCC: resilient concurrent consensus for high-throughput secure transaction processing. In 2021 IEEE 37th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 1392--1403."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3380750.3380757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419111.3421283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Hyperledger. 2019. https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Introduction to modern cryptography: principles and protocols","author":"Katz Jonathan","unstructured":"Jonathan Katz and Yehuda Lindell. 2007. Introduction to modern cryptography: principles and protocols. Chapman and hall\/CRC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/119995.115861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2536206.2536215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2013.6544834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"LevelDB. 2022. https:\/\/github.com\/google\/leveldb."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"LevelDB. 2023 a. LevelDB Compactions. https:\/\/github.com\/google\/leveldb\/blob\/main\/doc\/impl.md#compactions."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"LevelDB. 2023 b. MaxBytesForLevel. https:\/\/github.com\/google\/leveldb\/blob\/main\/db\/version_set.cc#L46C20-L46C20\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"LVMT: An Efficient Authenticated Storage for Blockchain. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 135--153","author":"Li Chenxing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chenxing Li, Sidi Mohamed Beillahi, Guang Yang, Ming Wu, Wei Xu, and Fan Long. 2023. LVMT: An Efficient Authenticated Storage for Blockchain. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 135--153."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 515--528","author":"Li Chenxin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chenxin Li, Peilun Li, Dong Zhou, Zhe Yang, Ming Wu, Guang Yang, Wei Xu, Fan Long, and Andrew Chi-Chih Yao. 2020. A decentralized blockchain with high throughput and fast confirmation. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 515--528."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1142473.1142488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE48307.2020.00153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600006.3613164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","author":"Liu Zhuotao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuotao Liu, Yangxi Xiang, Jian Shi, Peng Gao, Haoyu Wang, Xusheng Xiao, Bihan Wen, Qi Li, and Yih-Chun Hu. 2021. Make Web3.0 Connected. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3033273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques. 369--378","author":"Merkle Ralph C","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ralph C Merkle. 1987. A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function. In Conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques. 369--378."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1066157.1066204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3457553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"RainBlock: Faster Transaction Processing in Public Blockchains. In 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 333--347","author":"Ponnapalli Soujanya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soujanya Ponnapalli, Aashaka Shah, Souvik Banerjee, Dahlia Malkhi, Amy Tai, Vijay Chidambaram, and Michael Wei. 2021. RainBlock: Faster Transaction Processing in Public Blockchains. In 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 333--347."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Ethereum Improvement Proposals. 2015. Eip-20: Token standard. https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-20."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"10th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems.","author":"Raju Pandian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pandian Raju, Soujanya Ponnapalli, Evan Kaminsky, Gilad Oved, Zachary Keener, Vijay Chidambaram, and Ittai Abraham. 2018. mLSM: Making Authenticated Storage Faster in Ethereum. In 10th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70972-7_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"RocksDB. 2022. http:\/\/rocksdb.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Suntingan terakhir. 2023. Merkle Patrcia Trie. https:\/\/ethereum.org\/ms\/developers\/docs\/data-structures-and-encoding\/patricia-merkle-trie\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57990-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318464.3384682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"16th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation. 95--112","author":"Wang Jiaping","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiaping Wang and Hao Wang. 2019. Monoxide: Scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones. In 16th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation. 95--112."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3231751.3231762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"YanYing. 2022. https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20221103005680en\/Ant-Group-Digital-Technologies-Launches-Storage-Engine-LETUS-to-Provide-Trusted-Storage-Solutions-for-the-Digital-Economy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE51399.2021.00091"}],"event":{"name":"SIGMOD\/PODS '24: International Conference on Management of Data","location":"Santiago AA Chile","acronym":"SIGMOD\/PODS '24","sponsor":["SIGMOD ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data"]},"container-title":["Companion of the 2024 International Conference on Management of Data"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3626246.3653390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3626246.3653390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T11:31:47Z","timestamp":1755862307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3626246.3653390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3626246.3653390","10.1145\/3626246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626246.3653390","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}