{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:12:15Z","timestamp":1776121935451,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"ISS","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Evaluating the validity of an existing user performance model in a variety of tasks is important for enhancing its applicability. The model studied in this work is the steering law for predicting the speed and time needed to perform tasks in which a cursor or a car passes through a constrained path. Previous HCI studies have refined this model to take additional path factors into account, but its applicability has only been evaluated in GUI-based environments such as those using mice or pen tablets. Accordingly, we conducted a user experiment with a driving simulator to measure the speed and time on curved roads and thus facilitate evaluation of models for pen-based path-steering tasks. The results showed that the best-fit models for speed and time had adjusted r^2 values of 0.9342 and 0.9723, respectively, for three road widths and eight curvature radii. While the models required some adjustments, the overall components of the tested models were consistent with those in previous pen-based experimental results. Our results demonstrated that user experiments to validate potential models based on pen-based tasks are effective as a pilot approach for driving tasks with more complex road conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3626466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T16:26:12Z","timestamp":1698855972000},"page":"93-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating the Applicability of GUI-Based Steering Laws to VR Car Driving: A Case of Curved Constrained Paths"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9807-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yahoo Japan Corpotation, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6022-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Takaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6002-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukina","family":"Funazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meiji University, Nakano, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3569-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noboru","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-7093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meiji University, Nakano, Japan"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258549.258760"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303133"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1992917.1992952"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3206343.3206349"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138308963324"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2019.1571246"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494968"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"Mechanical Simulation Corporation. 2021. Carsim mechanical simulation. https:\/\/www.carsim.com\/products\/carsim\/index.php \t\t\t\t  Mechanical Simulation Corporation. 2021. Carsim mechanical simulation. https:\/\/www.carsim.com\/products\/carsim\/index.php"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(92)90369-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137108931246"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137408931376"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1987.4309061"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474784"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2022.3201731"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3473682.3480266"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173739"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"Eric Heidel. 2022. Sample size for repeated-measures ANOVA. https:\/\/www.scalestatistics.com\/sample-size-for-repeated-measures-anova.html \t\t\t\t  Eric Heidel. 2022. Sample size for repeated-measures ANOVA. https:\/\/www.scalestatistics.com\/sample-size-for-repeated-measures-anova.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"The 12th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. ITS Japan, Japan","author":"Hirai Setsuo","unstructured":"Setsuo Hirai , Hiroshi Makino , Takayuki Hirasawa , Isao Yamazaki , and Hiroyuki Mizutani . 2005. Field Tests of Safety Measures for Curve Sections on Urban Expressways Utilizing Cooperative Vehicle-Highway System . In The 12th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. ITS Japan, Japan . http:\/\/ccwww.nilim.go.jp\/japanese\/its\/3paper\/pdf\/051201wc_2.pdf Setsuo Hirai, Hiroshi Makino, Takayuki Hirasawa, Isao Yamazaki, and Hiroyuki Mizutani. 2005. Field Tests of Safety Measures for Curve Sections on Urban Expressways Utilizing Cooperative Vehicle-Highway System. In The 12th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. ITS Japan, Japan. http:\/\/ccwww.nilim.go.jp\/japanese\/its\/3paper\/pdf\/051201wc_2.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2019.1612954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2017.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1569186118823872"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"Challenging Environment Assessment Laboratory. 2021. DriverLab. https:\/\/kite-uhn.com\/lab\/driverlab \t\t\t\t  Challenging Environment Assessment Laboratory. 2021. DriverLab. https:\/\/kite-uhn.com\/lab\/driverlab"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"Yaw VR Ltd.. 2022. Yaw VR 2. https:\/\/www.yawvr.com \t\t\t\t  Yaw VR Ltd.. 2022. Yaw VR 2. https:\/\/www.yawvr.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option","volume":"29","author":"Mena Blanca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blanca Mena , M Jos\u00e9 , Rafael Alarc\u00f3n , Jaume Arnau Gras , Roser Bono Cabr\u00e9 , and Rebecca Bendayan . 2017 . Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option ? Psicothema , 29 , 4 (2017), 552 \u2013 557 . Blanca Mena, M Jos\u00e9, Rafael Alarc\u00f3n, Jaume Arnau Gras, Roser Bono Cabr\u00e9, and Rebecca Bendayan. 2017. Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema, 29, 4 (2017), 552\u2013557.","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138908966120"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.23090"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2933601"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025951"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124934"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8122827"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02477896"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2016.7535417"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512516649717"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103293"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2019.1619954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343055.3359707"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"Ruben Geert van den Berg. 2022. SPSS TUTORIALS \u2013 Effect Size - A Quick Guide. https:\/\/www.spss-tutorials.com\/effect-size\/ \t\t\t\t  Ruben Geert van den Berg. 2022. SPSS TUTORIALS \u2013 Effect Size - A Quick Guide. https:\/\/www.spss-tutorials.com\/effect-size\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474811"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(77)90012-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/JP2020076642A\/en?oq=%E7%89%B9%E9%96%8B2020-076642 Published on","author":"Yamanaka Shota","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shota Yamanaka . 2022. Patent . https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/JP2020076642A\/en?oq=%E7%89%B9%E9%96%8B2020-076642 Published on April , 2022 . Shota Yamanaka. 2022. Patent. https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/JP2020076642A\/en?oq=%E7%89%B9%E9%96%8B2020-076642 Published on April, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858037"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343055.3359697"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300350"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025836"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20380\/GI2020.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.09.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746041382393"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-020-00472-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290701773701"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3626466","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3626466","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:50:14Z","timestamp":1750287014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3626466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"ISS","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3626466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626466","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}