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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Refreshable tactile displays based on pin array technologies have a significant impact on the education of children with visual impairments, but they are prohibitively expensive. To better understand their design and the reason for the high cost, we created a database and analyzed the product architectures of 67 unique pin array technologies from literature and patents. We qualitatively coded their functional elements and analyzed the physical parts that execute the functions. Our findings highlight that pin array surfaces aim to achieve three key functions, i.e., raise and lower pins, lock pins, and create a large array. We also contribute a concise morphological chart that organises the various mechanisms for these three functions. Based on this, we discuss the reasons for the high cost and complexity of these surface haptic technologies and infer why larger displays and more affordable devices are not available. Our findings can be used to design new mechanisms for more affordable and scalable pin array display systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3626468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T12:26:12Z","timestamp":1698841572000},"page":"135-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Analysis of Product Architectures of Pin Array Technologies for Tactile Displays"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5192-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tigmanshu","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL, London, United Kingdom \/ Global Disability Innovation Hub, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5419-323X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL, London, United Kingdom \/ Global Disability Innovation Hub, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5473-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolai","family":"Marquardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Miodownik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL, London, United Kingdom \/ Global Disability Innovation Hub, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.547465"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.844698"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"Mohamed Benali-Khoudja M. 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