{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T05:07:38Z","timestamp":1764047258887,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"ISS","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>HCI researchers have long recognized the significant effects of movement direction on human performance, and this factor has been carefully addressed to benefit user interface design. According to our previous study (2012), the weights of the two target dimensions, width W and height H, in the extended index of difficulty (ID) for 2D pointing tasks are asymmetric and appear to vary periodically based on movement direction (\u03b8), following a cosine function. However, this periodic effect of movement direction is uncertain for direct 2D touch pointing tasks, and a thorough understanding of the effects of movement direction on direct pointing tasks, such as on touch input surfaces, is still lacking. In this paper, we conducted two experiments on a 24-inch touch screen, with tilted and horizontal orientations respectively, to confirm the periodic effect in the context of direct pointing and illustrate its variations across different pointing tasks. At the same time, we propose a quantification formula to measure the real differences in task difficulty caused by the direction factor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to do so. Using this formula, the ID values in different directions can be unified to the same scale and compared, providing a new perspective for understanding and evaluating human performance in different interaction environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3626482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T16:26:12Z","timestamp":1698855972000},"page":"444-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Understanding the Effects of Movement Direction on 2D Touch Pointing Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642646"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1385569.1385590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557096"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466180"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface. Canadian Information Processing Society","author":"Boritz James","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"James Boritz , Kellogg S. Booth , and Wiliam B. Cowan . 1991. Fitts\u2019 Law Studies of Directional Mouse Movement . In Proceedings of Graphics Interface. Canadian Information Processing Society , Toronto. 216\u2013223. James Boritz, Kellogg S. Booth, and Wiliam B. Cowan. 1991. Fitts\u2019 Law Studies of Directional Mouse Movement. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface. Canadian Information Processing Society, Toronto. 216\u2013223."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Burr","author":"Card Stuart K.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stuart K. Card , William K. English , and Betty J . Burr . 1987 . Evaluation of Mouse, Rate- Controlled Isometric Joystick, Step Keys, and Text Keys, for Text Selection on a CRT. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc ., San Francisco, CA, USA. 386\u2013392. isbn:0934613249 https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/58076.58107 Stuart K. Card, William K. English, and Betty J. Burr. 1987. Evaluation of Mouse, Rate-Controlled Isometric Joystick, Step Keys, and Text Keys, for Text Selection on a CRT. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA. 386\u2013392. isbn:0934613249 https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/58076.58107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2011.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1133265.1133289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1096737.1096741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2037373.2037395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379337.3415871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0701_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142794"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2007 Americas Conference on Information Systems. AIS Electronic Library","author":"Micire Mark","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mark Micire , Martin Schedlbauer , and Holly A. Yanco . 2007. Horizontal selection: An Evaluation of a Digital Tabletop Input Device . In Proceedings of 2007 Americas Conference on Information Systems. AIS Electronic Library , Keystone, Colorado. 164. https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis 2007 \/164 Mark Micire, Martin Schedlbauer, and Holly A. Yanco. 2007. Horizontal selection: An Evaluation of a Digital Tabletop Input Device. In Proceedings of 2007 Americas Conference on Information Systems. AIS Electronic Library, Keystone, Colorado. 164. https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2007\/164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534903.2534920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TABLETOP.2008.4660183"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(01)00058-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872005775570952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2399016.2399074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/57167.57171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21663-3_67"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(98)00036-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753536"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208737"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3626482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3626482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:50:15Z","timestamp":1750287015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3626482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"ISS","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3626482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3626482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}