{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:34:53Z","timestamp":1776101693470,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKRI-AHRC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The COVID-19 pandemic led to the temporary closure of all museums in the UK, closing buildings and suspending all on-site activities. Museum agencies aim at mitigating and managing these impacts on the sector, in a context of chronic data scarcity. \u201cMuseums in the Pandemic\u201d is an interdisciplinary project that utilises content scraped from museums\u2019 websites and social media posts to understand how the UK museum sector, currently comprising more than 3,300 museums, has responded and is currently responding to the pandemic. A major part of the project has been the design of computational techniques to provide the project\u2019s museum studies experts with appropriate data and tools for undertaking this research, leveraging web analytics, natural language processing and machine learning. In this methodological contribution, firstly, we developed techniques to retrieve and identify museum official websites and social media accounts (Facebook and Twitter now X). This supported the automated capture of large-scale online data about the entire UK museum sector. Secondly, we harnessed convolutional neural networks to extract activity indicators from unstructured text to detect museum behaviours, including openings, closures, fundraising and staffing. This dynamic dataset is enabling the museum studies experts in the team to study patterns in the online presence of museums before, during, and after the pandemic, according to museum size, governance, accreditation and location.\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"fn\">\n              <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:xref>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3627165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T21:30:56Z","timestamp":1697751056000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tracking Museums\u2019 Online Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study in Museum Analytics"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3477-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ballatore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2454-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeri","family":"Katerinchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck, University of London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Poulovassilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck, University of London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3704-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter T.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck, University of London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Museums Audience Report","author":"Agency The Audience","year":"2018","unstructured":"The Audience Agency. 2018. Museums Audience Report. Technical Report. The Audience Agency, London, UK. https:\/\/www.theaudienceagency.org\/asset\/1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73531-3","volume-title":"Machine Learning for Text","author":"Aggarwal Charu C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charu C. Aggarwal. 2018. Machine Learning for Text. Springer, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2020.1790029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Social Media Use in 2021","author":"Auxier Brooke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brooke Auxier and Monica Anderson. 2021. Social Media Use in 2021. Technical Report. Pew Research Center, Washington, DC. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2021\/04\/07\/social-media-use-in-2021\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.790548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-014-0549-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66777-1","volume-title":"Data Analytics for Cultural Heritage: Current Trends and Concepts","author":"Belhi Abdelhak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelhak Belhi, Abdelaziz Bouras, Abdulaziz Khalid Al-Ali, and Abdul Hamid Sadka (Eds.). 2021. Data Analytics for Cultural Heritage: Current Trends and Concepts. Springer, Berlin, Germany."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116015","article-title":"Sentiment analysis to measure quality and build sustainability in tourism destinations","volume":"13","author":"Borrajo-Mill\u00e1n Fernando","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernando Borrajo-Mill\u00e1n, Mar\u00eda-del-Mar Alonso-Almeida, Mar\u00eda Escat-Cortes, and Liu Yi. 2021. Sentiment analysis to measure quality and build sustainability in tourism destinations. Sustainability 13, 11 (2021), 6015.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.18261\/issn.2464-2525-2020-02-05","article-title":"Museums at home: Digital initiatives in response to COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Burke Verity","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verity Burke, Dolly J\u00f8rgensen, and Finn Arne J\u00f8rgensen. 2020. Museums at home: Digital initiatives in response to COVID-19. Norsk Museumstidsskrift 6, 2 (2020), 117\u2013123.","journal-title":"Norsk Museumstidsskrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Mapping Museums 1960\u20132020: A Report on the Data","author":"Candlin Fiona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fiona Candlin, Jamie Larkin, Andrea Ballatore, and Alexandra Poulovassilis. 2020. Mapping Museums 1960\u20132020: A Report on the Data. Technical Report. Birkbeck, University of London. https:\/\/eprints.bbk.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/31702\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1002\/ail2.23","article-title":"Heritage Connector: A machine learning framework for building linked open data from museum collections","volume":"2","author":"Dutia Kalyan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalyan Dutia and John Stack. 2021. Heritage Connector: A machine learning framework for building linked open data from museum collections. Applied AI Letters 2, 2 (2021), e23.","journal-title":"Applied AI Letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2017.1302815"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Debates in the Digital Humanities","author":"Gold Matthew K.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matthew K. Gold (Ed.). 2012. Debates in the Digital Humanities. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10710-017-9314-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.09.303","article-title":"Development of e-service virtual museum tours in Poland during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"176","author":"Gutowski Piotr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piotr Gutowski and Zuzanna K\u0142os-Adamkiewicz. 2020. Development of e-service virtual museum tours in Poland during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Procedia Computer Science 176 (2020), 2375\u20132383.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1364782.1364798"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Public benefits or commercial gains: Chinese museums\u2019 online activities in the Covid-19 age","volume":"73","author":"Jin Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Jin and Liang Min. 2021. Public benefits or commercial gains: Chinese museums\u2019 online activities in the Covid-19 age. Museum International 73, 3\u20134 (2021), 32\u201343.","journal-title":"Museum International"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-2068"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/cura.12413","article-title":"Digital responses of UK museum exhibitions to the COVID-19 crisis, March\u2013June 2020","volume":"64","author":"King Ellie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ellie King, M. Paul Smith, Paul F. Wilson, and Mark A. Williams. 2021. Digital responses of UK museum exhibitions to the COVID-19 crisis, March\u2013June 2020. Curator: The Museum Journal 64, 3 (2021), 487\u2013504.","journal-title":"Curator: The Museum Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","author":"Kingma Diederik P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2014. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","article-title":"A taxonomy of interdisciplinarity","author":"Klein Julie Thompson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Julie Thompson Klein. 2010. A taxonomy of interdisciplinarity. In The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, R. Frodeman, J. T. Klein, and C. Mitcham (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 15\u201330.","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, R. Frodeman, J. T. Klein, and C. Mitcham (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2022.2158915","article-title":"The use of social media in Greek museums during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Kyprianos Konstantinos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Konstantinos Kyprianos and Panagiota Kontou. 2023. The use of social media in Greek museums during the COVID-19 pandemic. Museum Management and Curatorship 38, 5 (2023), 571\u2013592.","journal-title":"Museum Management and Curatorship"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cura.12558","article-title":"Museums, COVID-19 and the pivot to social media.","author":"Larkin Jamie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jamie Larkin, Andrea Ballatore, and Katerina Mityurova. 2023. Museums, COVID-19 and the pivot to social media. Curator: The Museum Journal 66 (4): 629\u2013646.","journal-title":"Curator: The Museum Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"Mark Liebenrood Andrea Ballatore Fiona Candlin Jamie Larkin Alexandra Poulovassilis and Peter Wood. 2023. Working paper on monitoring museum closure and reopening in the UK during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Birkbeck University of London. https:\/\/eprints.bbk.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/52391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","article-title":"RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 (2019).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/13500775.2021.2016275","article-title":"An abrupt and brutal audit: An analysis of the crisis management response of UK museums and heritage attractions to the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"73","author":"Mackay Rachel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rachel Mackay. 2021. An abrupt and brutal audit: An analysis of the crisis management response of UK museums and heritage attractions to the Covid-19 pandemic. Museum International 73, 3\u20134 (2021), 8\u201319.","journal-title":"Museum International"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2021.1954984","article-title":"Reinterpreting museums\u2019 intended experience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from Italian University Museums","volume":"37","author":"Magliacani Michela","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michela Magliacani and Daniela Sorrentino. 2022. Reinterpreting museums\u2019 intended experience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from Italian University Museums. Museum Management and Curatorship 37, 4 (2022), 353\u2013367.","journal-title":"Museum Management and Curatorship"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1109\/AISP.2017.8324080","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Artificial Intelligence and Signal Processing Conference (AISP\u201917)","author":"Majd Mahshid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mahshid Majd and Reza Safabakhsh. 2017. Impact of machine learning on improvement of user experience in museums. In Proceedings of the 2017 Artificial Intelligence and Signal Processing Conference (AISP\u201917). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 195\u2013200."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11214.001.0001"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.19044\/esj.2022.v18n19p37","article-title":"Museums and crisis management due to Covid-19: Effects of pandemic and the role of digital and social networks communication","volume":"18","author":"Marzano Marianna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marianna Marzano and Monia Castellini. 2022. Museums and crisis management due to Covid-19: Effects of pandemic and the role of digital and social networks communication. European Scientific Journal 18, 19 (2022), 37\u201357.","journal-title":"European Scientific Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3439726"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on digital data practices in museums and art galleries in the UK and the US","volume":"8","author":"Noehrer Lukas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lukas Noehrer, Abigail Gilmore, Caroline Jay, and Yo Yehudi. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on digital data practices in museums and art galleries in the UK and the US. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8, 1 (2021), 236.","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Network of European Museum Organisations (NEMO). 2020. Survey on the Impact of the COVID-19 Situation on Museums in Europe: Findings and Recommendations. Retrieved October 27 2023 from https:\/\/www.ne-mo.org\/fileadmin\/Dateien\/public\/NEMO_documents\/NEMO_Corona_Survey_Results_6_4_20.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"International Council of Museums (ICOM). 2020. Museums Museum Professionals and COVID-19. Retrieved October 27 2023 from https:\/\/icom.museum\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Report-Museums-and-COVID-19.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76841-6_9","volume-title":"Big Data in Education: Pedagogy and Research","author":"Papaioannou Georgios","year":"2021","unstructured":"Georgios Papaioannou. 2021. Museum big data: Perceptions and practices. In Big Data in Education: Pedagogy and Research. Springer, 201\u2013215."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","article-title":"A practical evaluation of Web analytics","author":"Phippen Andrew","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andrew Phippen, L. Sheppard, and Steven Furnell. 2004. A practical evaluation of Web analytics. Internet Research 14, 4 (2004), 284\u2013293.","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1301"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-01-2021-0082","article-title":"Digitalization in the cultural industry: Evidence from Italian museums","volume":"28","author":"Raimo Nicola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicola Raimo, Ivano De Turi, Alessandra Ricciardelli, and Filippo Vitolla. 2021. Digitalization in the cultural industry: Evidence from Italian museums. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 28, 8 (2021), 1962\u20131974.","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3167\/armw.2022.100111","article-title":"Changing times\u2014A time for change: Museums in the COVID-19 era","volume":"10","author":"Raved Noga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noga Raved and Havatzelet Yahel. 2022. Changing times\u2014A time for change: Museums in the COVID-19 era. Museum Worlds 10, 1 (2022), 145\u2013158.","journal-title":"Museum Worlds"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci11020053","article-title":"The social media \u201cmagic\u201d: Virtually engaging visitors during COVID-19 temporary closures","volume":"11","author":"Ryder Brittany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brittany Ryder, Tingting Zhang, and Nan Hua. 2021. The social media \u201cmagic\u201d: Virtually engaging visitors during COVID-19 temporary closures. Administrative Sciences 11, 2 (2021), 53.","journal-title":"Administrative Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2020.1810483"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7108","DOI":"10.3390\/su11247108","article-title":"Museum Tourism 2.0: Experiences and satisfaction with shopping at the National Gallery in London","volume":"11","author":"Shao Jun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jun Shao, Qinlin Ying, Shujin Shu, Alastair M. Morrison, and Elizabeth Booth. 2019. Museum Tourism 2.0: Experiences and satisfaction with shopping at the National Gallery in London. Sustainability 11, 24 (2019), 7108.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","unstructured":"Scientific United Nations Educational and Cultural Organisations (UNESCO). 2020. Museums Around the World in the Face of COVID-19. Retrieved October 27 2023 from https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000373530"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/10645578.2019.1668679","article-title":"Museum collections and online users: Development of a segmentation model for the metropolitan museum of art","volume":"22","author":"Villaespesa Elena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elena Villaespesa. 2019. Museum collections and online users: Development of a segmentation model for the metropolitan museum of art. Visitor Studies 22, 2 (2019), 233\u2013252.","journal-title":"Visitor Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/09548963.2012.641775","article-title":"Impact of place on museum participation","volume":"21","author":"Widdop Paul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paul Widdop and David Cutts. 2012. Impact of place on museum participation. Cultural Trends 21, 1 (2012), 47\u201366.","journal-title":"Cultural Trends"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Sizing Up Twitter Users","author":"Wojcik Stefan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stefan Wojcik and Adam Hughes. 2019. Sizing Up Twitter Users. Technical Report. Pew Research Center, Washington, DC."}],"container-title":["Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3627165","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3627165","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:45:39Z","timestamp":1750178739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3627165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3627165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3627165","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4673","1556-4711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-4673","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}