{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T18:14:00Z","timestamp":1774721640222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In this article, by the ability to translate Aramaic to another spoken languages, we investigated machine translation in a cultural heritage domain for two primary purposes: evaluating the quality of ancient translations and preserving Aramaic (an endangered language). First, we detailed the construction of a publicly available Biblical parallel Aramaic-Hebrew corpus based on two ancient (early 2\n            <jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\n            to late 4\n            <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n            century) Hebrew-Aramaic translations: Targum Onkelus and Targum Jonathan. Then using the statistical machine translation approach, which in our use case significantly outperforms neural machine translation, we validated the excepted high quality of the translations. The trained model failed to translate Aramaic texts of other dialects. However, when we trained the same statistical machine translation model on another Aramaic-Hebrew corpus of a different dialect (Zohar, 13\n            <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n            century), a very high translation score was achieved. We examined an additional important cultural heritage source of Aramaic texts, the Babylonian Talmud (early 3\n            <jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>\n            to late 5\n            <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n            century). Since we do not have a parallel Aramaic-Hebrew corpus of the Talmud, we used the model trained on the Bible corpus for translation. We performed an analysis of the results and suggest some potential promising future research.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3627168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T21:25:58Z","timestamp":1697491558000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Machine Translation for Historical Research: A Case Study of Aramaic-Ancient Hebrew Translations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0476-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaya","family":"Liebeskind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3205-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shmuel","family":"Liebeskind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Mining, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-8819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Bouhnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"MENYO-20k: A multi-domain English-Yorub\u00e1 corpus for machine translation and domain adaptation","author":"Adelani David Ifeoluwa","year":"2021","unstructured":"David Ifeoluwa Adelani, Dana Ruiter, Jesujoba O. Alabi, Damilola Adebonojo, Adesina Ayeni, Mofetoluwa Adeyemi, Ayodele Awokoya, and Cristina Espa\u00f1a-Bonet. 2021. MENYO-20k: A multi-domain English-Yorub\u00e1 corpus for machine translation and domain adaptation. CoRR abs\/2103.08647 (2021).","journal-title":"CoRR abs\/2103.08647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","article-title":"The low-resource double bind: An empirical study of pruning for low-resource machine translation","author":"Ahia Orevaoghene","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orevaoghene Ahia, Julia Kreutzer, and Sara Hooker. 2021. The low-resource double bind: An empirical study of pruning for low-resource machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.03036 (2021).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.03036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"7701","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Aji Alham Fikri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alham Fikri Aji, Nikolay Bogoychev, Kenneth Heafield, and Rico Sennrich. 2020. In neural machine translation, what does transfer learning transfer? In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 7701\u20137710. DOI:10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9780300261929-247","article-title":"\u201cTargum, Targumim.\u201d","author":"Alexander Philip S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Philip S. Alexander. 1992. \u201cTargum, Targumim.\u201d In Anchor Bible Dictionary, David Noel Freedman (Ed.). Anchor Bible, 320\u201331.","journal-title":"Anchor Bible Dictionary, David Noel Freedman (Ed.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"412","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Alvarez-Melis David","year":"2017","unstructured":"David Alvarez-Melis and Tommi Jaakkola. 2017. A causal framework for explaining the predictions of black-box sequence-to-sequence models. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 412\u2013421."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.304","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Araabi Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali Araabi and Christof Monz. 2020. Optimizing Transformer for low-resource neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 3429\u20133435."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Florentina Armaselu Elena-Simona Apostol Christian Chiarcos Anas Fahad Khan Chaya Liebeskind Barbara McGillivray Ciprian-Octavian Truic\u0103 and Giedr\u0117 Val\u016bnait\u0117-Ole\u0161kevi\u010dien\u0117. 2022. Tracing semantic change with multilingual LLOD and diachronic word embeddings. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Interdisciplinary Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Language, Data, and Knowledge (LDK \u201921)","author":"Armaselu Florentina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Florentina Armaselu, Elena-Simona Apostol, Anas Fahad Khan, Chaya Liebeskind, Barbara McGillivray, Ciprian-Octavian Truic\u0103, and Giedr\u0117 Val\u016bnait\u0117 Ole\u0161kevi\u010dien\u0117. 2021. HISTORIAE, history of socio-cultural transformation as linguistic data science. A humanities use case. In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Language, Data, and Knowledge (LDK \u201921)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Asgari Ehsaneddin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ehsaneddin Asgari and Hinrich Sch\u00fctze. 2017. Past, present, future: A computational investigation of the typology of tense in 1000 languages. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 113\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","article-title":"Restoring ancient text using deep learning: A case study on Greek epigraphy","author":"Assael Yannis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield, and Jonathan Prag. 2019. Restoring ancient text using deep learning: A case study on Greek epigraphy. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06262 (2019).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Axelrod Amittai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amittai Axelrod, Xiaodong He, and Jianfeng Gao. 2011. Domain adaptation via pseudo in-domain data selection. In Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 355\u2013362."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Main Conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics","author":"Ayan Necip Fazil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Necip Fazil Ayan and Bonnie J. Dorr. 2006. A maximum entropy approach to combining word alignments. In Proceedings of the Main Conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics. 96\u2013103."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"5631","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","author":"Ballier Nicolas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicolas Ballier, Nabil Amari, Laure Merat, and Jean-Baptiste Yun\u00e8s. 2020. The learnability of the annotated input in NMT replicating (Vanmassenhove and Way, 2018) with OpenNMT. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. 5631\u20135640."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00404","article-title":"Neural modeling for named entities and morphology (NEMO2)","volume":"9","author":"Bareket Dan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dan Bareket and Reut Tsarfaty. 2021. Neural modeling for named entities and morphology (NEMO2). Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021), 909\u2013928.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"443","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC \u201919)","author":"Basmatkar Pranjali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pranjali Basmatkar, Hemant Holani, and Shivani Kaushal. 2019. Survey on neural machine translation for multilingual translation system. In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC \u201919). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 443\u2013448."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation","author":"Birch Alexandra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alexandra Birch, Chris Callison-Burch, Miles Osborne, and Philipp Koehn. 2006. Constraining the phrase-based, joint probability statistical translation model. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. 154\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"5232","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","author":"Bouma Gerlof","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gerlof Bouma, Evie Couss\u00e9, Trude Dijkstra, and Nicoline van der Sijs. 2020. The EDGeS Diachronic Bible Corpus. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. 5232\u20135239."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"The mathematics of statistical machine translation: Parameter estimation","volume":"19","author":"Brown Peter F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Peter F. Brown, Vincent J. Della Pietra, Stephen A. Della Pietra, and Robert L. Mercer. 1993. The mathematics of statistical machine translation: Parameter estimation. Computational Linguistics 19, 2 (1993), 263\u2013311.","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","article-title":"On the properties of neural machine translation: Encoder\u2013decoder approaches","author":"Cho Kyunghyun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merri\u00ebnboer, Dzmitry Bahdanau, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. On the properties of neural machine translation: Encoder\u2013decoder approaches. In Proceedings of the 8th Syntax, Semantics, and Structure in Statistical Translation (SSST \u201914). 103.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Syntax, Semantics, and Structure in Statistical Translation (SSST \u201914)."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1287\/ijds.2022.0016","article-title":"HeBERT and HebEMO: A Hebrew BERT model and a tool for polarity analysis and emotion recognition","volume":"1","author":"Chriqui Avihay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avihay Chriqui and Inbal Yahav. 2022. HeBERT and HebEMO: A Hebrew BERT model and a tool for polarity analysis and emotion recognition. INFORMS Journal on Data Science 1, 1 (2022), 81\u201395.","journal-title":"INFORMS Journal on Data Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-014-9287-y","article-title":"A massively parallel corpus: The Bible in 100 languages","volume":"49","author":"Christodouloupoulos Christos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christos Christodouloupoulos and Mark Steedman. 2015. A massively parallel corpus: The Bible in 100 languages. Language Resources and Evaluation 49, 2 (2015), 375\u2013395.","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"1304","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Chu Chenhui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chenhui Chu and Rui Wang. 2018. A survey of domain adaptation for neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 1304\u20131319."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2197\/ipsjjip.28.413","article-title":"A survey of domain adaptation for machine translation","volume":"28","author":"Chu Chenhui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chenhui Chu and Rui Wang. 2020. A survey of domain adaptation for machine translation. Journal of Information Processing 28 (2020), 413\u2013426.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2019.00103","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR \u201919)","author":"Clanuwat Tarin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarin Clanuwat, Alex Lamb, and Asanobu Kitamoto. 2019. KuroNet: Pre-modern Japanese Kuzushiji character recognition with deep learning. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR \u201919). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 607\u2013614."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"Hebrew Transformed: Machine Translation of Hebrew Using the Transformer Architecture","author":"Crater David T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"David T. Crater. 2022. Hebrew Transformed: Machine Translation of Hebrew Using the Transformer Architecture. Ph.D. Dissertation. Harvard University."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3406095","article-title":"A survey of multilingual neural machine translation","volume":"53","author":"Dabre Raj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raj Dabre, Chenhui Chu, and Anoop Kunchukuttan. 2020. A survey of multilingual neural machine translation. ACM Computing Surveys 53, 5 (2020), 1\u201338.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation","author":"DeNero John","year":"2006","unstructured":"John DeNero, Dan Gillick, James Zhang, and Dan Klein. 2006. Why generative phrase models underperform surface heuristics. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. 31\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL \u201907)","author":"Fraser Alexander","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alexander Fraser and Daniel Marcu. 2007. Getting the structure right for word alignment: LEAF. In Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL \u201907)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 1st Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages (LT4HALA \u201920)","author":"Garcia Eva Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eva Mart\u00ednez Garcia and \u00c1lvaro Garc\u00eda Tejedor. 2020. Latin-Spanish neural machine translation: From the Bible to Saint Augustine. In Proceedings of the 2020 1st Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages (LT4HALA \u201920). 94\u201399."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2003.06.001","article-title":"Fast and optimal decoding for machine translation","volume":"154","author":"Germann Ulrich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ulrich Germann, Michael Jahr, Kevin Knight, Daniel Marcu, and Kenji Yamada. 2004. Fast and optimal decoding for machine translation. Artificial Intelligence 154, 1-2 (2004), 127\u2013143.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"6100","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP \u201919)","author":"Guzm\u00e1n Francisco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Francisco Guzm\u00e1n, Peng-Jen Chen, Myle Ott, Juan Pino, Guillaume Lample, Philipp Koehn, Vishrav Chaudhary, and Marc\u2019Aurelio Ranzato. 2019. The FLORES evaluation datasets for low-resource machine translation: Nepali\u2013English and Sinhala\u2013English. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP \u201919). 6100\u20136113."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Short Papers (HLT-Short \u201908)","author":"HaCohen-Kerner Yaakov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, Ariel Kass, and Ariel Peretz. 2008. Combined one sense disambiguation of abbreviations. In Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Short Papers (HLT-Short \u201908). 61\u201364. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1557690.1557707"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21367","article-title":"HAADS: A Hebrew Aramaic abbreviation disambiguation system","volume":"61","author":"HaCohen-Kerner Yaakov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, Ariel Kass, and Ariel Peretz. 2010. HAADS: A Hebrew Aramaic abbreviation disambiguation system. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61, 9 (2010), 1923\u20131932.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22909","article-title":"Initialism disambiguation: Man versus machine","volume":"64","author":"HaCohen-Kerner Yaakov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, Ariel Kass, and Ariel Peretz. 2013. Initialism disambiguation: Man versus machine. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 64, 10 (2013), 2133\u20132148.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/01969722.2011.567893","article-title":"Automatically identifying citations in Hebrew-Aramaic documents","volume":"42","author":"HaCohen-Kerner Yaakov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, Nadav Schweitzer, and Dror Mughaz. 2011. Automatically identifying citations in Hebrew-Aramaic documents. Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal 42, 3 (2011), 180\u2013197.","journal-title":"Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Very Large Corpora","author":"Ide Nancy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nancy Ide. 1998. Encoding linguistic corpora. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Very Large Corpora."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation","author":"Irvine Ann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ann Irvine and Chris Callison-Burch. 2013. Combining bilingual and comparable corpora for low resource machine translation. In Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. 262\u2013270."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Ittycheriah Abraham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abraham Ittycheriah and Salim Roukos. 2005. A maximum entropy word aligner for Arabic-English machine translation. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 89\u201396."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition","author":"Jelinek Frederick","year":"1997","unstructured":"Frederick Jelinek. 1997. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00065","article-title":"Google\u2019s multilingual neural machine translation system: Enabling zero-shot translation","volume":"5","author":"Johnson Melvin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Melvin Johnson, Mike Schuster, Quoc V. Le, Maxim Krikun, Yonghui Wu, Zhifeng Chen, Nikhil Thorat, Fernanda Vi\u00e9gas, Martin Wattenberg, Greg Corrado, et\u00a0al. 2017. Google\u2019s multilingual neural machine translation system: Enabling zero-shot translation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (2017), 339\u2013351.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Dan Jurafsky and James H. Martin. 2009. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural LanguageProcessing Computational Linguistics and Speech Recognition (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"1700","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Kalchbrenner Nal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nal Kalchbrenner and Phil Blunsom. 2013. Recurrent continuous translation models. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 1700\u20131709."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","article-title":"Processing tools for Greek and other languages of the Christian Middle East","author":"Kindt Bastien","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bastien Kindt. 2018. Processing tools for Greek and other languages of the Christian Middle East. Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities. Special Issue on Computer-Aided Processing of Intertextuality in Ancient Languages.","journal-title":"Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA \u201920)","author":"Klein Guillaume","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guillaume Klein, Fran\u00e7ois Hernandez, Vincent Nguyen, and Jean Senellart. 2020. The OpenNMT neural machine translation toolkit: 2020 edition. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA \u201920). 102\u2013109."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA \u201920)","author":"Klein Guillaume","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guillaume Klein, Fran\u00e7ois Hernandez, Vincent Nguyen, and Jean Senellart. 2020. The OpenNMT neural machine translation toolkit: 2020 edition. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA \u201920). 102\u2013109."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (Volume 1: Research Papers)","author":"Klein Guillaume","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guillaume Klein, Yoon Kim, Yuntian Deng, Vincent Nguyen, Jean Senellart, and Alexander Rush. 2018. OpenNMT: Neural machine translation toolkit. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (Volume 1: Research Papers). 177\u2013184. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W18-1817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-4012","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL 2017, System Demonstrations","author":"Klein Guillaume","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guillaume Klein, Yoon Kim, Yuntian Deng, Jean Senellart, and Alexander Rush. 2017. OpenNMT: Open-source toolkit for neural machine translation. In Proceedings of ACL 2017, System Demonstrations. Association for Computational Linguistics, Vancouver, Canada, 67\u201372. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P17-4012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.ngt-1.25","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Neural Generation and Translation","author":"Klein Guillaume","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guillaume Klein, Dakun Zhang, Cl\u00e9ment Chouteau, Josep M. Crego, and Jean Senellart. 2020. Efficient and high-quality neural machine translation with OpenNMT. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Neural Generation and Translation. 211\u2013217."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"515","article-title":"Converse translation: A Targumic technique","volume":"57","author":"Klein Michael L.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Michael L. Klein. 1976. Converse translation: A Targumic technique. Biblica 57, 4 (1976), 515\u2013537.","journal-title":"Biblica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.sigmorphon-1.24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology","author":"Klein Stav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stav Klein and Reut Tsarfaty. 2020. Getting the## life out of living: How adequate are word-pieces for modelling complex morphology? In Proceedings of the 17th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology. 204\u2013209."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","article-title":"Automating knowledge acquisition for machine translation","volume":"18","author":"Knight Kevin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kevin Knight. 1997. Automating knowledge acquisition for machine translation. AI Magazine 18, 4 (1997), 81.","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Kevin Knight. 1999. A Statistical MT Tutorial Workbook. Kevin Knight."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6325","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers","author":"Kocmi Tom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tom Kocmi and Ond\u0159ej Bojar. 2018. Trivial transfer learning for low-resource neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers. 244\u2013252."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Philipp Koehn. 2004. Pharaoh: A beam search decoder for phrase-based statistical machine translation models. In Proceedings of the Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas. 115\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815829","volume-title":"Statistical Machine Translation","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Philipp Koehn. 2009. Statistical Machine Translation. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Philipp Koehn, Hieu Hoang, Alexandra Birch, Chris Callison-Burch, Marcello Federico, Nicola Bertoldi, Brooke Cowan, Wade Shen, Christine Moran, Richard Zens, et\u00a0al. 2007. Moses: Open source toolkit for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Companion Volume Proceedings of the Demo and Poster Sessions. 177\u2013180."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2003","unstructured":"Philipp Koehn, Franz Josef Och, and Daniel Marcu. 2003. Statistical phrase-based translation. In Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 127\u2013133."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshe Koppel. 2011. The Responsa Project: Some promising future directions. In Language Culture Computation Computing of the Humanities Law and Narratives. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 8002. Springer 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45324-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd KDD Workshop on Operational Text Categorization","author":"Koppel Moshe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moshe Koppel, Dror Mughaz, and Navot Akiva. 2003. CHAT: A system for stylistic classification of Hebrew-Aramaic texts. In Proceedings of the 3rd KDD Workshop on Operational Text Categorization."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"New methods for attribution of rabbinic literature","volume":"57","author":"Koppel Moshe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moshe Koppel, Dror Mughaz, and Navot Akiva. 2006. New methods for attribution of rabbinic literature. Hebrew Linguistics: A Journal for Hebrew Descriptive, Computational and Applied Linguistics 57 (2006), 5\u201318.","journal-title":"Hebrew Linguistics: A Journal for Hebrew Descriptive, Computational and Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23118","article-title":"Measuring direct and indirect authorial influence in historical corpora","volume":"65","author":"Koppel Moshe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moshe Koppel and Nadav Schweitzer. 2014. Measuring direct and indirect authorial influence in historical corpora. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 65, 10 (2014), 2138\u20132144.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Main Conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics","author":"Lacoste-Julien Simon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simon Lacoste-Julien, Ben Taskar, Dan Klein, and Michael I. Jordan. 2006. Word alignment via quadratic assignment. In Proceedings of the Main Conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics. 112\u2013119."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","unstructured":"S\u00e9amus Lankford Haithem Afli and Andy Way. 2021. Transformers for low-resource languages: Is F\u00e9idir Linn! In Proceedings of the Machine Translation Summit XVIII: Research Track."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Asian Translation","author":"Laskar Sahinur Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahinur Rahman Laskar, Rahul Singh, Md. Faizal Karim, Riyanka Manna, Partha Pakray, and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay. 2022. Investigation of English to Hindi multimodal neural machine translation using transliteration-based phrase pairs augmentation. In Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Asian Translation. 117\u2013122. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.wat-1.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages","author":"Lavie Alon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alon Lavie, Erik Peterson, Katharina Probst, Shuly Wintner, and Yaniv Eytani. 2004. Rapid prototyping of a transfer-based Hebrew-to-English machine translation system. In Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00067","article-title":"Fully character-level neural machine translation without explicit segmentation","volume":"5","author":"Lee Jason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jason Lee, Kyunghyun Cho, and Thomas Hofmann. 2017. Fully character-level neural machine translation without explicit segmentation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (2017), 365\u2013378.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Main Conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics","author":"Liang Percy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Percy Liang, Ben Taskar, and Dan Klein. 2006. Alignment by agreement. In Proceedings of the Main Conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics. 104\u2013111."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics\u2014Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task (*SEM \u201912), and Volume 2: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval \u201912)","author":"Liebeskind Chaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chaya Liebeskind, Ido Dagan, and Jonathan Schler. 2012. Statistical thesaurus construction for a morphologically rich language. In Proceedings of the 1st Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics\u2014Volume 1: Proceedings of the Main Conference and the Shared Task (*SEM \u201912), and Volume 2: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval \u201912). 59\u201364."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","article-title":"Semiautomatic construction of cross-period thesaurus","volume":"9","author":"Liebeskind Chaya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaya Liebeskind, Ido Dagan, and Jonathan Schler. 2016. Semiautomatic construction of cross-period thesaurus. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 9, 4 (2016), 22.","journal-title":"Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2019.1583447","article-title":"An algorithmic scheme for statistical thesaurus construction in a morphologically rich language","volume":"33","author":"Liebeskind Chaya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaya Liebeskind, Ido Dagan, and Jonathan Schler. 2019. An algorithmic scheme for statistical thesaurus construction in a morphologically rich language. Applied Artificial Intelligence 33, 6 (2019), 483\u2013496.","journal-title":"Applied Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages (LT4HALA \u201920)","author":"Liebeskind Chaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaya Liebeskind and Shmuel Liebeskind. 2020. Automatic construction of Aramaic-Hebrew translation lexicon. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages (LT4HALA \u201920). 10\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.46298\/jdmdh.5864","article-title":"Deep learning for period classification of historical Hebrew texts","author":"Liebeskind Chaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaya Liebeskind and Shmuel Liebeskind. 2020. Deep learning for period classification of historical Hebrew texts. Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities 20 (2020), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-4505","article-title":"Coarse-to-fine attention models for document summarization","author":"Ling Jeffrey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeffrey Ling and Alexander M. Rush. 2017. Coarse-to-fine attention models for document summarization. In Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization. 33\u201342.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization. 33\u201342."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Liu Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang Liu, Qun Liu, and Shouxun Lin. 2005. Log-linear models for word alignment. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics. 459\u2013466."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","article-title":"Statistical machine translation","volume":"40","author":"Lopez Adam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adam Lopez. 2008. Statistical machine translation. ACM Computing Surveys 40, 3 (2008), 8.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"2529","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Malaviya Chaitanya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chaitanya Malaviya, Graham Neubig, and Patrick Littell. 2017. Learning language representations for typology prediction. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 2529\u20132535."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACL-02 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing\u2014Volume 10","author":"Marcu Daniel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Daniel Marcu and William Wong. 2002. A phrase-based, joint probability model for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the ACL-02 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing\u2014Volume 10. 133\u2013139."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"3158","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC \u201914)","author":"Mayer Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas Mayer and Michael Cysouw. 2014. Creating a massively parallel Bible corpus. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC \u201914). 3158\u20133163."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"2884","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","author":"McCarthy Arya D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arya D. McCarthy, Rachel Wicks, Dylan Lewis, Aaron Mueller, Winston Wu, Oliver Adams, Garrett Nicolai, Matt Post, and David Yarowsky. 2020. The Johns Hopkins University Bible Corpus: 1600+ tongues for typological exploration. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. 2884\u20132892."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","volume-title":"Aramaic-Hebrew-English Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud","author":"Melamed Ezra Zion","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ezra Zion Melamed. 2005. Aramaic-Hebrew-English Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud. Feldheim Publishers."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","article-title":"Text mining for evaluating authors\u2019 birth and death years","volume":"13","author":"Moghaz Dror","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dror Moghaz, Yaakov Hacohen-Kerner, and Dov Gabbay. 2019. Text mining for evaluating authors\u2019 birth and death years. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 13, 1 (2019), 7.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Moore Robert C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robert C. Moore, Wen-Tau Yih, and Andreas Bode. 2006. Improved discriminative bilingual word alignment. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 513\u2013520."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","volume-title":"The Priesthood in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. Renewing the Profession. Vol. 1","author":"Mortensen Beverly P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beverly P. Mortensen. 2006. The Priesthood in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. Renewing the Profession. Vol. 1. Brill."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","author":"Mughaz Dror","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dror Mughaz. 2003. Classification of Hebrew Texts According to Style. Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis [in Hebrew]. Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.","journal-title":"Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis [in Hebrew]. Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59268-8_6","volume-title":"Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XXVI","author":"Mughaz Dror","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dror Mughaz, Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner, and Dov Gabbay. 2017. Mining and using key-words and key-phrases to identify the era of an anonymous text. In Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XXVI. Springer, 119\u2013143."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)","author":"Murao Kazuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kazuma Murao, Ken Kobayashi, Hayato Kobayashi, Taichi Yatsuka, Takeshi Masuyama, Tatsuru Higurashi, and Yoshimune Tabuchi. 2019. A case study on neural headline generation for editing support. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers). 73\u201382."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)","author":"Nguyen Toan Q.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toan Q. Nguyen and David Chiang. 2017. Transfer learning across low-resource, related languages for neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers). 296\u2013301."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","first-page":"960","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 2","author":"Nie\u00dfen Sonja","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sonja Nie\u00dfen, Stephan Vogel, Hermann Ney, and Christoph Tillmann. 1998. A DP based search algorithm for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 2. 960\u2013967."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","volume-title":"Statistical Machine Translation: From Single Word Models to Alignment Templates","author":"Och Franz Josef","year":"2003","unstructured":"Franz Josef Och. 2003. Statistical Machine Translation: From Single Word Models to Alignment Templates. Ph.D. Dissertation. Aachen, Technische Hochschule."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","first-page":"1086","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 2","author":"Och Franz Josef","year":"2000","unstructured":"Franz Josef Och and Hermann Ney. 2000. A comparison of alignment models for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 2.1086\u20131090."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Machine Translation Summit","volume":"8","author":"Och Franz Josef","year":"2001","unstructured":"Franz Josef Och and Hermann Ney. 2001. Statistical multi-source translation. In Proceedings of the Machine Translation Summit, Vol. 8. 253\u2013258."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1162\/089120103321337421","article-title":"A systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models","volume":"29","author":"Och Franz Josef","year":"2003","unstructured":"Franz Josef Och and Hermann Ney. 2003. A systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models. Computational Linguistics 29, 1 (2003), 19\u201351.","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1999 Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora","author":"Och Franz Josef","year":"1999","unstructured":"Franz Josef Och, Christoph Tillmann, and Hermann Ney. 1999. Improved alignment models for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 1999 Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","first-page":"644","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","volume":"2","author":"\u00d6stling Robert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robert \u00d6stling and J\u00f6rg Tiedemann. 2017. Continuous multilinguality with language vectors. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol. 2. 644\u2013649."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-2202","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Literature","author":"Pag\u00e9-Perron \u00c9milie","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00c9milie Pag\u00e9-Perron, Maria Sukhareva, Ilya Khait, and Christian Chiarcos. 2017. Machine translation and automated analysis of the Sumerian language. In Proceedings of the Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Literature. 10\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Papineni Kishore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. BLEU: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 311\u2013318."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116617","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3004879","article-title":"Ancient Korean neural machine translation","volume":"8","author":"Park Chanjun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chanjun Park, Chanhee Lee, Yeongwook Yang, and Heuiseok Lim. 2020. Ancient Korean neural machine translation. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 116617\u2013116625.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-3049","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation","author":"Popovi\u0107 Maja","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maja Popovi\u0107. 2015. chrF: Character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation. In Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation. 392\u2013395. DOI:10.18653\/v1\/W15-3049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-4770","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Machine Translation","author":"Popovi\u0107 Maja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maja Popovi\u0107. 2017. chrF++: Words helping character n-grams. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Machine Translation. 612\u2013618."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001798929185","article-title":"The Bible as a parallel corpus: Annotating the \u2018Book of 2000 Tongues.\u2019","volume":"33","author":"Resnik Philip","year":"1999","unstructured":"Philip Resnik, Mari Broman Olsen, and Mona Diab. 1999. The Bible as a parallel corpus: Annotating the \u2018Book of 2000 Tongues.\u2019 Computers and the Humanities 33, 1 (1999), 129\u2013153.","journal-title":"Computers and the Humanities"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1079","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Ribeiro Marco Tulio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marco Tulio Ribeiro, Sameer Singh, and Carlos Guestrin. 2018. Semantically equivalent adversarial rules for debugging NLP models. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 856\u2013865."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties, and Dialects","author":"Riyadh Rashed Rubby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashed Rubby Riyadh and Grzegorz Kondrak. 2019. Joint approach to deromanization of code-mixed texts. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties, and Dialects. 26\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","article-title":"AlephBERT: A Hebrew large pre-trained language model to start-off your Hebrew NLP application with","author":"Seker Amit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amit Seker, Elron Bandel, Dan Bareket, Idan Brusilovsky, Refael Shaked Greenfeld, and Reut Tsarfaty. 2021. AlephBERT: A Hebrew large pre-trained language model to start-off your Hebrew NLP application with. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.04052 (2021).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.04052"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324920000303","article-title":"Neural machine translation of low-resource languages using SMT phrase pair injection","volume":"27","author":"Sen Sukanta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sukanta Sen, Mohammed Hasanuzzaman, Asif Ekbal, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, and Andy Way. 2021. Neural machine translation of low-resource languages using SMT phrase pair injection. Natural Language Engineering 27, 3 (2021), 271\u2013292.","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Sennrich Rico","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rico Sennrich, Barry Haddow, and Alexandra Birch. 2016. Controlling politeness in neural machine translation via side constraints. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 35\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1021","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Sennrich Rico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rico Sennrich and Biao Zhang. 2019. Revisiting low-resource neural machine translation: A case study. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 211\u2013221."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.18647\/1509\/JJS-1990","article-title":"Dating Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Some more comments","volume":"41","author":"Shinan Avigdor","year":"1990","unstructured":"Avigdor Shinan. 1990. Dating Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Some more comments. Journal of Jewish Studies 41, 1 (1990), 57\u201361.","journal-title":"Journal of Jewish Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","article-title":"Introducing BEREL: BERT embeddings for rabbinic-encoded language","author":"Shmidman Avi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avi Shmidman, Joshua Guedalia, Shaltiel Shmidman, Cheyn Shmuel Shmidman, Eli Handel, and Moshe Koppel. 2022. Introducing BEREL: BERT embeddings for rabbinic-encoded language. arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.01875 (2022).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.01875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.46298\/jdmdh.1388","article-title":"Identification of parallel passages across a large Hebrew\/Aramaic corpus","author":"Shmidman Avi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avi Shmidman, Moshe Koppel, and Ely Porat. 2018. Identification of parallel passages across a large Hebrew\/Aramaic corpus. Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities. Special Issue on Computer-Aided Processing of Intertextuality in Ancient Languages.","journal-title":"Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-demos.23","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations","author":"Shmidman Avi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Avi Shmidman, Shaltiel Shmidman, Moshe Koppel, and Yoav Goldberg. 2020. Nakdan: Professional Hebrew diacritizer. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations. 197\u2013203."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC \u201912).","author":"Skadi\u0146a Inguna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inguna Skadi\u0146a, Ahmet Aker, Nikos Mastropavlos, Fangzhong Su, Dan Tufis, Mateja Verlic, Andrejs Vasi\u013cjevs, Bogdan Babych, Paul Clough, Robert Gaizauskas, et\u00a0al. 2012. Collecting and using comparable corpora for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC \u201912)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers","author":"Snover Matthew","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matthew Snover, Bonnie Dorr, Richard Schwartz, Linnea Micciulla, and John Makhoul. 2006. A study of translation edit rate with targeted human annotation. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers. 223\u2013231."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","first-page":"737","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT","author":"Snyder Benjamin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Benjamin Snyder and Regina Barzilay. 2008. Unsupervised multilingual learning for morphological segmentation. In Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT. Association for Computational Linguistics, Columbus, OH, 737\u2013745. https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P08-1084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.eval4nlp-1.17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluation and Comparison of NLP Systems","author":"Stringham Nathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nathan Stringham and Mike Izbicki. 2020. Evaluating word embeddings on low-resource languages. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluation and Comparison of NLP Systems. 176\u2013186."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24544","article-title":"Text analysis using deep neural networks in digital humanities and information science","volume":"73","author":"Suissa Omri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omri Suissa, Avshalom Elmalech, and Maayan Zhitomirsky-Geffet. 2022. Text analysis using deep neural networks in digital humanities and information science. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 73, 2 (2022), 268\u2013287.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","first-page":"3104","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Sutskever Ilya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, and Quoc V. Le. 2014. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 3104\u20133112."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","first-page":"2353","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","author":"Swanson Daniel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daniel Swanson and Francis Tyers. 2022. A universal dependencies treebank of ancient Hebrew. In Proceedings of the 13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. 2353\u20132361."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1162\/089120103321337458","article-title":"Word reordering and a dynamic programming beam search algorithm for statistical machine translation","volume":"29","author":"Tillmann Christoph","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christoph Tillmann and Hermann Ney. 2003. Word reordering and a dynamic programming beam search algorithm for statistical machine translation. Computational Linguistics 29, 1 (2003), 97\u2013133.","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/NLPKE.2003.1275971","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering","author":"Tribble Alicia","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alicia Tribble, Stephan Vogel, and Alex Waibel. 2003. Overlapping phrase-level translation rules in an SMT engine. In Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 574\u2013579."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","article-title":"On optimal Transformer depth for low-resource language translation","author":"Biljon Elan Van","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elan Van Biljon, Arnu Pretorius, and Julia Kreutzer. 2020. On optimal Transformer depth for low-resource language translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04418 (2020).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS \u201917)","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Proceedings of the 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS \u201917). 1\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 1","author":"Venugopal Ashish","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ashish Venugopal, Stephan Vogel, and Alex Waibel. 2003. Effective phrase translation extraction from alignment models. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 1. 319\u2013326."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3115\/993268.993313","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 2","author":"Vogel Stephan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stephan Vogel, Hermann Ney, and Christoph Tillmann. 1996. HMM-based word alignment in statistical translation. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics\u2014Volume 2. 836\u2013841."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Machine Translation Summit","volume":"9","author":"Vogel Stephan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stephan Vogel, Ying Zhang, Fei Huang, Alicia Tribble, Ashish Venugopal, Bing Zhao, and Alex Waibel. 2003. The CMU statistical machine translation system. In Proceedings of the Machine Translation Summit, Vol. 9. 54\u201361."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","article-title":"A systematic comparison of data selection criteria for SMT domain adaptation","volume":"2014","author":"Wang Longyue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Longyue Wang, Derek F. Wong, Lidia S. Chao, Yi Lu, and Junwen Xing. 2014. A systematic comparison of data selection criteria for SMT domain adaptation. Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014), 745485.","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4772","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1509","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Wang Xinyi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xinyi Wang, Hieu Pham, Pengcheng Yin, and Graham Neubig. 2018. A tree-based decoder for neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 4772\u20134777."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","first-page":"366","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Wang Ye-Yi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ye-Yi Wang and Alex Waibel. 1997. Decoding algorithm in statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 366\u2013372."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","article-title":"Multi-domain machine translation enhancements by parallel data extraction from comparable corpora","author":"Wo\u0142k Krzysztof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krzysztof Wo\u0142k, Emilia Rejmund, and Krzysztof Marasek. 2016. Multi-domain machine translation enhancements by parallel data extraction from comparable corpora. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.06785 (2016).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.06785"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","first-page":"377","article-title":"Stochastic inversion transduction grammars and bilingual parsing of parallel corpora","volume":"23","author":"Wu Dekai","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dekai Wu. 1997. Stochastic inversion transduction grammars and bilingual parsing of parallel corpora. Computational Linguistics 23, 3 (1997), 377\u2013403.","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","article-title":"A survey of deep learning techniques for neural machine translation","author":"Yang Shuoheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuoheng Yang, Yuxin Wang, and Xiaowen Chu. 2020. A survey of deep learning techniques for neural machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.07526 (2020).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.07526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"Yang Wei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wei Yang and Yves Lepage. 2014. Inflating a training corpus for SMT by using unrelated unaligned monolingual data. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Language Processing. 236\u2013248."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Zens Richard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richard Zens, Evgeny Matusov, and Hermann Ney. 2004. Improved word alignment using a symmetric lexicon model. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 36."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Zens Richard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Richard Zens, Franz Josef Och, and Hermann Ney. 2002. Phrase-based statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 18\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1109\/NLPKE.2003.1275970","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering","author":"Zhang Ying","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ying Zhang, Stephan Vogel, and Alex Waibel. 2003. Integrated phrase segmentation and alignment algorithm for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 567\u2013573."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","article-title":"Automatic thesaurus construction for cross generation corpus","volume":"6","author":"Zohar Hadas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hadas Zohar, Chaya Liebeskind, Jonathan Schler, and Ido Dagan. 2013. Automatic thesaurus construction for cross generation corpus. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 6, 1 (2013), 4.","journal-title":"Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1163","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Zoph Barret","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barret Zoph, Deniz Yuret, Jonathan May, and Kevin Knight. 2016. Transfer learning for low-resource neural machine translation. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 1568\u20131575."}],"container-title":["Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3627168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3627168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:45:39Z","timestamp":1750178739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3627168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3627168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3627168","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4673","1556-4711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-4673","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}