{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:25Z","timestamp":1773619225322,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":57,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61972245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972245"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62232012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62232012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3627703.3629557","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T06:28:28Z","timestamp":1713421708000},"page":"834-850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["HD-IOV: SW-HW Co-designed I\/O Virtualization with Scalability and Flexibility for Hyper-Density Cloud"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2548-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongpu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9477-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6289-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banghao","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0427-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Asia-Pacific R&amp;D Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2519-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Asia-Pacific R&amp;D Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0894-0892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1970-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Asia-Pacific R&amp;D Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4689-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Asia-Pacific R&amp;D Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8932-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weigang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Asia-Pacific R&amp;D Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibing","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2008. NGINX: The high-performance web server and reverse proxy. https:\/\/www.linuxjournal.com\/article\/10108."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","first-page":"00","volume":"3","year":"2016","unstructured":"2016. AMD I\/O Virtualization Technology (IOMMU) Specification Rev 3.00. (December 2016).","journal-title":"AMD I\/O Virtualization Technology (IOMMU) Specification Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Intel Virtualization Technology for Directed I\/O. Intel technology journal","year":"2020","unstructured":"2020. Intel Virtualization Technology for Directed I\/O. Intel technology journal (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1535\/itj.1003.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Firecracker: Lightweight virtualization for serverless applications. In NSDI. 419--434.","author":"Agache Alexandru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexandru Agache, Marc Brooker, Alexandra Iordache, Anthony Liguori, Rolf Neugebauer, Phil Piwonka, and Diana-Maria Popa. 2020. Firecracker: Lightweight virtualization for serverless applications. In NSDI. 419--434."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markuze Alex Shay Vargaftik Gil Kupfer Boris Pismeny Nadav Amit Adam Morrison and Dan Tsafrir. 2021. Characterizing exploiting and detecting DMA code injection vulnerabilities in the presence of an IOMMU. In EuroSys. 395--409.","DOI":"10.1145\/3447786.3456249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Alibaba Cloud. 2020. Cloud Networking White Paper by Alibaba Cloud. https:\/\/developer.aliyun.com\/topic\/cloudnetworking-paper."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"AMD Corporation. 2021. AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 2: System Programming. https:\/\/www.amd.com\/system\/files\/TechDocs\/24593.pdf. 4-25 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Huawei Corporation. 2020. StratoVirt. https:\/\/gitee.com\/openeuler\/stratovirt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Intel corporation. 2019. Cloud Hypervisor. https:\/\/github.com\/cloud-hypervisor\/cloud-hypervisor."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Intel Corporation. 2021. Intel\u00ae 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual. https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/dam\/support\/us\/en\/documents\/processors\/pentium4\/sb\/25366821.pdf. 3-8 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Intel Corporation. 2021. Introduce dev-msi and interrupt message store. https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/844993\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Yaozu Dong Mochi Xue Xiao Zheng Jiajun Wang Zhengwei Qi and Haibing Guan. 2015. Boosting GPU Virtualization Performance with Hybrid Shadow Page Tables. In USENIX ATC. 517--528."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2012.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Keir Fraser Steven Hand Rolf Neugebauer Ian Pratt Andrew Warfield Mark Williamson et al. 2004. Safe hardware access with the Xen virtual machine monitor. In OASIS. 1--1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Efficient and Scalable Paravirtual I\/O System","author":"Har'El Nadav","unstructured":"Nadav Har'El, Abel Gordon, Alex Landau, Muli Ben-Yehuda, Avishay Traeger, and Razya Ladelsky. 2013. Efficient and Scalable Paravirtual I\/O System. In USENIX ATC. USENIX Association, 231--242."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2019.2918278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"QZFS: QAT Accelerated Compression in File System for Application Agnostic and Cost Efficient Data Storage. In USENIX ATC. 163--176.","author":"Hu Xiaokang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiaokang Hu, Fuzong Wang, Weigang Li, Jian Li, and Haibing Guan. 2019. QZFS: QAT Accelerated Compression in File System for Application Agnostic and Cost Efficient Data Storage. In USENIX ATC. 163--176."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaokang Hu Changzheng Wei Jian Li Brian Will Ping Yu Lu Gong and Haibing Guan. 2019. QTLS: high-performance TLS asynchronous offload framework with Intel\u00ae QuickAssist technology. In PPoPP. 158--172.","DOI":"10.1145\/3293883.3295705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Intel. 2018. Intel\u00ae QuickAssist Technology (Intel\u00ae QAT). https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/architecture-and-technology\/intel-quick-assist-technologyoverview.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1618525.1618536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Yibo Zhu, Jitu Padhye, Shachar Raindel, Chuanxiong Guo, Vyas Sekar, and Srinivasan Seshan.","author":"Kim Daehyeok","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daehyeok Kim, Tianlong Yu, Hongqiang Harry Liu, Yibo Zhu, Jitu Padhye, Shachar Raindel, Chuanxiong Guo, Vyas Sekar, and Srinivasan Seshan. 2019. FreeFlow: Software-based Virtual RDMA Networking for Containerized Clouds. In NSDI. 113--126."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yossi Kuperman Eyal Moscovici Joel Nider Razya Ladelsky Abel Gordon and Dan Tsafrir. 2016. Paravirtual Remote I\/O. In ASPLOS. ACM 49--65.","DOI":"10.1145\/2872362.2872378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Alex Landau Muli Ben-Yehuda and Abel Gordon. 2011. SplitX: Split Guest\/Hypervisor Execution on Multi-Core.. In WIOV."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiaxin Lei Manish Munikar Kun Suo Hui Lu and Jia Rao. 2021. Parallelizing packet processing in container overlay networks. In EuroSys. 261--276.","DOI":"10.1145\/3447786.3456241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"LemonNFV: Consolidating Heterogeneous Network Functions at Line Speed","author":"Li Hao","unstructured":"Hao Li, Yihan Dang, Guangda Sun, Guyue Liu, Danfeng Shan, and Peng Zhang. 2023. LemonNFV: Consolidating Heterogeneous Network Functions at Line Speed. In NSDI. USENIX Association, 1451--1468."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.2999353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"RunD: A Lightweight Secure Container Runtime for High-density Deployment and High-concurrency Startup in Serverless Computing. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference. USENIX Association, 53--68","author":"Li Zijun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zijun Li, Jiagan Cheng, Quan Chen, Eryu Guan, Zizheng Bian, Yi Tao, Bin Zha, Qiang Wang, Weidong Han, and Minyi Guo. 2022. RunD: A Lightweight Secure Container Runtime for High-density Deployment and High-concurrency Startup in Serverless Computing. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference. USENIX Association, 53--68."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Cunming Liang and Tiwei Bie. 2018. vdpa: vhost-mdev as a New vhost Protocol Transport. In KVM Forum."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track. USENIX, 29--42","author":"Liu Jiuxing","unstructured":"Jiuxing Liu, Wei Huang, B\u00fclent Abali, and Dhabaleswar K. Panda. 2006. High Performance VMM-Bypass I\/O in Virtual Machines. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track. USENIX, 29--42."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2898589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipe Manco Costin Lupu Florian Schmidt Jose Mendes Simon Kuenzer Sumit Sati Kenichi Yasukata Costin Raiciu and Felipe Huici. 2017. My VM is Lighter (and Safer) than your Container. In SOSP. 218--233.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alex Markuze Adam Morrison and Dan Tsafrir. 2016. True IOMMU protection from DMA attacks: When copy is faster than zero copy. In ASPLOS. 249--262.","DOI":"10.1145\/2872362.2872379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates. Science 367, 6481","author":"Masanet Eric","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eric Masanet, Arman Shehabi, Nuoa Lei, Sarah Smith, and Jonathan Koomey. 2020. Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates. Science 367, 6481 (2020), 984--986."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1535\/itj.1003.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"DPDK open source community. 2020. AF_XDP Poll Mode Driver. https:\/\/doc.dpdk.org\/guides\/nics\/af_xdp.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhenhao Pan Yaozu Dong Yu Chen Lei Zhang and Zhijiao Zhang. 2012. CompSC: Live migration with pass-through devices. In VEE. 109--120.","DOI":"10.1145\/2151024.2151040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michele Paolino Nikolay Nikolaev Jeremy Fanguede and Daniel Raho. 2015. SnabbSwitch user space virtual switch benchmark and performance optimization for NFV. In NFV-SDN. 86--92.","DOI":"10.1109\/NFV-SDN.2015.7387411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"PCIe-Consortium et al. 2006. PCI Express Base Specification Revision 2.0. PCIe Group (2006) 381--384."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"PCIe-Consortium et al. 2011. PCI-SIG ENGINEERING CHANGE NOTICE. PCIe Group(2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Bo Peng Haozhong Zhang Jianguo Yao Yaozu Dong Yu Xu and Haibing Guan. 2018. MDev-NVMe: A NVMe storage virtualization solution with mediated pass-through. In USENIX ATC. 665--676."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1400097.1400108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"PCI SIG. 2007. Single Root I\/O Virtualization and Sharing 1.0 Specification. PCIe Group (01 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjun Singhvi Junaid Khalid Aditya Akella and Sujata Banerjee. 2020. SNF: serverless network functions. In SoCC. ACM 296--310.","DOI":"10.1145\/3419111.3421295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Kun Tian Yaozu Dong and David Cowperthwaite. 2014. A full GPU virtualization solution with mediated pass-through. In USENIX ATC. 121--132."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Michael S. Tsirkin. 2010. vhost-net and virtio-net: need for speed. https:\/\/www.linux-kvm.org\/images\/1\/1b\/2010-forum-vhost_virtio_net_need_for_speed_2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jianfeng Wang Tam\u00e1s L\u00e9vai Zhuojin Li Marcos A. M. Vieira Ramesh Govindan and Barath Raghavan. 2022. Quadrant: a cloud-deployable NF virtualization platform. In SoCC. ACM 493--509.","DOI":"10.1145\/3542929.3563471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Simon Winwood Yefim Shuf and Hubertus Franke. 2002. Multiple page size support in the linux kernel. In OLS. 573--593."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007611.2892256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Mochi Xue Kun Tian Yaozu Dong Jiacheng Ma Jiajun Wang Zhengwei Qi Bingsheng He and Haibing Guan. 2016. gScale: Scaling up {GPU} Virtualization with Dynamic Sharing of Graphics Memory Space. In USENIX ATC. 579--590."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"PCI: Enable Function Level Reset (FLR) for PCI-E. https:\/\/linux-pci.vger.kernel.narkive.com\/kZwb1IHR\/rfc-patch-pci-enable-function-level-reset-flr-for-pci-e.","author":"Yang Sheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheng Yang. 2018. PCI: Enable Function Level Reset (FLR) for PCI-E. https:\/\/linux-pci.vger.kernel.narkive.com\/kZwb1IHR\/rfc-patch-pci-enable-function-level-reset-flr-for-pci-e."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"PCI: Refresh First VF Offset and VF Stride when updating NumVFs. https:\/\/patchwork.ozlabs.org\/project\/linuxppc-dev\/patch\/1427262297-5694-8-git-send-email-weiyang@linux.vnet.ibm.com\/.","author":"Yang Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei Yang. 2015. PCI: Refresh First VF Offset and VF Stride when updating NumVFs. https:\/\/patchwork.ozlabs.org\/project\/linuxppc-dev\/patch\/1427262297-5694-8-git-send-email-weiyang@linux.vnet.ibm.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Shachar Raindel, Hongqiang Harry Liu, Jitu Padhye, and Vyas Sekar.","author":"Yu Tianlong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tianlong Yu, Shadi Abdollahian Noghabi, Shachar Raindel, Hongqiang Harry Liu, Jitu Padhye, and Vyas Sekar. 2016. FreeFlow: High Performance Container Networking. In HotNets. 43--49."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Zhang Yu. 2019. The Application of Kata Containers in Baidu AI Cloud. https:\/\/katacontainers.io\/collateral\/ApplicationOfKataContainersInBaiduAICloud.pdf. 14-17 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"OLS'08: The 2008 Ottawa Linux Symposium. 261--268","author":"Zhai Edwin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Edwin Zhai, Gregory D Cummings, and Yaozu Dong. 2008. Live migration with pass-through device for Linux VM. In OLS'08: The 2008 Ottawa Linux Symposium. 261--268."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiantao Zhang Xiao Zheng Zhi Wang Hang Yang Yibin Shen and Xin Long. 2020. High-density multi-tenant bare-metal cloud. In ASPLOS. 483--495.","DOI":"10.1145\/3373376.3378507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2021.3137403"}],"event":{"name":"EuroSys '24: Nineteenth European Conference on Computer Systems","location":"Athens Greece","acronym":"EuroSys '24","sponsor":["SIGOPS ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Conference on Computer Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3627703.3629557","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3627703.3629557","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T01:10:55Z","timestamp":1755825055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3627703.3629557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3627703.3629557","10.1145\/3627703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3627703.3629557","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}