{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:12:46Z","timestamp":1775229166917,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CoNEXT3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61932017, 61971390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61932017, 61971390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present DanBlue, a commodity Bluetooth backscatter system that can take multi-frequency signals as excitations. Unlike all prior systems, DanBlue leverages ambient Bluetooth signals of various frequencies to backscatter in the standard Bluetooth-hopping way. To do so, we first introduce an edge proxy to identify uncontrolled ambient Bluetooth signals. Then, we design a wideband channel hopping to enable fast frequency shifts for low-power tags, empowering backscatter hopping much like active Bluetooth hopping. We prototype the DanBlue tag using off-the-shelf FPGAs and the DanBlue edge with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) chips. Through comprehensive field studies, we show that DanBlue supports hopping from any-frequency Bluetooth excitations to any-frequency Bluetooth channels. Furthermore, the accuracy of frequency identification is as high as 99% with less than 7.1 ms latency. For the first time, we demonstrate DanBlue can emulate the Bluetooth protocol stack and seamlessly build connectivity with multiple active Bluetooth radios. We believe DanBlue is taking a crucial step forward on fully functioning battery-free Bluetooth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3629133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T15:40:05Z","timestamp":1701186005000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dances with Blues: Harnessing Multi-Frequency Carriers for Commodity Bluetooth Backscatter"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maoran","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2986-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2016. Bluetooth. https:\/\/www.bluetooth.com\/specifications\/specs\/core-specification-5-0\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2022. CC2640R2F. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/CC2640R2F."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2022. CC3200. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/CC3200."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"2022. nRF52840 DK. https:\/\/www.nordicsemi.com\/Products\/Development-hardware\/nrf52840-dk."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"2022. STM32F103RC. https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/microcontrollers-microprocessors\/stm32f103rc.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372224.3419216"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387514.3405866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787490"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Chen Lili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lili Chen, Wenjun Hu, Kyle Jamieson, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, and Jeremy Gummeson. 2021. Pushing the Physical Limits of IoT Devices with Programmable Metasurfaces.. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387514.3405861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3452296.3472920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Dunna Manideep","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manideep Dunna, Miao Meng, Po-Han Wang, Chi Zhang, Patrick P Mercier, and Dinesh Bharadia. 2021. SyncScatter: Enabling WiFi like synchronization and range for WiFi backscatter Communication.. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2687866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3290298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387514.3405898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422604.3425950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2017.2699683"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386367.3432883"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Guo Xiuzhen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiuzhen Guo, Longfei Shangguan, Yuan He, Nan Jing, Jiacheng Zhang, Haotian Jiang, and Yunhao Liu. 2022. Saiyan: Design and Implementation of a Low-power Demodulator for LoRa Backscatter Systems. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Hessar Mehrdad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehrdad Hessar, Ali Najafi, and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2019. Netscatter: Enabling large-scale backscatter networks. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3300061.3300136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM.","author":"Jang J.","unstructured":"J. Jang and F. Adib. 2019. Underwater Backscatter Networking. In Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3241202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Jog Suraj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suraj Jog, Zikun Liu, Antonio Franques, Vimuth Fernando, Sergi Abadal Cavall\u00e9, Josep Torrellas, and Haitham Hassanieh. 2021. One protocol to rule them all: Wireless network-on-chip using deep reinforcement learning. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2619239.2626319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Kellogg Bryce","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bryce Kellogg, Vamsi Talla, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Joshua R Smith. 2016. Passive wi-fi: Bringing low power to wi-fi transmissions. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Li Songfan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Songfan Li, Hui Zheng, Chong Zhang, Yihang Song, Shen Yang, Minghua Chen, Li Lu, and Mo Li. 2022. Passive DSSS: Empowering the Downlink Communication for Backscatter Systems. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447993.3448615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Liu Xin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xin Liu, Zicheng Chi,WeiWang, Yao Yao, Pei Hao, and Ting Zhu. 2021. Verification and Redesign of OFDM Backscatter.. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3452296.3472917"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Naderiparizi Saman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saman Naderiparizi, Mehrdad Hessar, Vamsi Talla, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Joshua R Smith. 2018. Towards batteryfree HD video streaming. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230567"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447993.3483270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SenSys.","author":"Varshney Ambuj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ambuj Varshney, Oliver Harms, Carlos P\u00e9rez-Penichet, Christian Rohner, Frederik Hermans, and Thiemo Voigt. 2017. Lorea: A backscatter architecture that achieves a long communication range. In Proc. of ACM SenSys."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proc. of USENIX NSDI.","author":"Wang Anran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anran Wang, Vikram Iyer, Vamsi Talla, Joshua R Smith, and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2017. FM backscatter: Enabling connected cities and smart fabrics. In Proc. of USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342356.2342364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2486029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3498361.3538930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3117811.3117814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581791.3596868"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM50583.2021.9439117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458864.3466865"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155452"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2994551.2994565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3143361.3143374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210329"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3241539.3241553"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3629133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3629133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:03:43Z","timestamp":1755907423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3629133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CoNEXT3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3629133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3629133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2834-5509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2834-5509","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}