{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:37:00Z","timestamp":1786541820257,"version":"build-2736575974"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":94,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658942","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T09:14:21Z","timestamp":1717578861000},"page":"836-898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Escalation Risks from Language Models in Military and Diplomatic Decision-Making"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4947-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Pablo","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7715-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mukobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anka","family":"Reuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6405-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Lamparth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5410-0247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandler","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7539-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoover Wargaming and Crisis Simulation Initiative, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Reed Albergotti. 2023. Scale AI partners with think tank CSIS to use artificial intelligence for war gaming."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Ross Andersen. 2023. Never Give Artificial Intelligence The Nuclear Codes. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2023\/06\/ai-warfare-nuclear-weapons-strike\/673780\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2023. Claude 2. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/index\/claude-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Yuntao Bai Andy Jones Kamal Ndousse Amanda Askell Anna Chen Nova DasSarma Dawn Drain Stanislav Fort Deep Ganguli Tom Henighan Nicholas Joseph Saurav Kadavath Jackson Kernion Tom Conerly Sheer El-Showk Nelson Elhage Zac Hatfield-Dodds Danny Hernandez Tristan Hume Scott Johnston Shauna Kravec Liane Lovitt Neel Nanda Catherine Olsson Dario Amodei Tom Brown Jack Clark Sam McCandlish Chris Olah Ben Mann and Jared Kaplan. 2022. Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback. arxiv:2204.05862 [cs]http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2204.05862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2212.08073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Responsibility to protect","author":"Bellamy J","unstructured":"Alex\u00a0J Bellamy. 2009. Responsibility to protect. Polity."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joe Biden. 2023. Executive Order on the Safe Secure and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/presidential-actions\/2023\/10\/30\/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence\/. Accessed: 2023-11-13.","DOI":"10.35467\/cal\/187256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Matthew\u00a0Mpoke Bigg. 2022. The strike on Melitopol signals the importance of longer-range weapons in Ukraine\u2019s campaign to recapture land in the south.https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/live\/2022\/12\/11\/world\/brittney-griner-russia-ukraine-news#ukraine-launches-a-strike-on-melitopol-a-city-occupied-by-russian-forces"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"On the opportunities and risks of foundation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.07258","author":"Bommasani Rishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rishi Bommasani, Drew\u00a0A Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael\u00a0S Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, 2021. On the opportunities and risks of foundation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.07258 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0738894210396631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019251296017002006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.1979.11458626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3109849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Just war and human rights: fighting with right intention","author":"Burkhardt Todd","unstructured":"Todd Burkhardt. 2017. Just war and human rights: fighting with right intention. State University of New York Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Nicholas Carlini Milad Nasr Christopher\u00a0A. Choquette-Choo Matthew Jagielski Irena Gao Anas Awadalla Pang\u00a0Wei Koh Daphne Ippolito Katherine Lee Florian Tramer and Ludwig Schmidt. 2023. Are aligned neural networks adversarially aligned?arxiv:2306.15447 [cs]http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.15447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"The Russian Invasion of Ukraine","author":"Cecire Michael","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michael Cecire. 2014. The Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"The origins of revisionist and status-quo states","author":"Davidson Jason","unstructured":"Jason Davidson. 2016. The origins of revisionist and status-quo states. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Ryan Daws. 2023. Palantir demos how AI can be used in the military. https:\/\/www.artificialintelligence-news.com\/2023\/04\/28\/palantir-demos-how-ai-can-used-military\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"James\u00a0F Dunnigan. 2000. Wargames handbook: How to play and design commercial and professional wargames. IUniverse."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Moral Choices Without Moral Language: 1950s Political-Military Wargaming at the RAND Corporation (Fall","author":"Emery R","year":"2021","unstructured":"John\u00a0R Emery. 2021. Moral Choices Without Moral Language: 1950s Political-Military Wargaming at the RAND Corporation (Fall 2021). Texas National Security Review (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Human-level play in the game of Diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning. Science 378, 6624","author":"Anton Bakhtin FAIR","year":"2022","unstructured":"FAIR, Anton Bakhtin, Noam Brown, Emily Dinan, Gabriele Farina, Colin Flaherty, Daniel Fried, Andrew Goff, Jonathan Gray, Hengyuan Hu, 2022. Human-level play in the game of Diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning. Science 378, 6624 (2022), 1067\u20131074."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Military expenditures, armament, and disarmament. Defence and Peace economics 4, 1","author":"Fontanel Jacques","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jacques Fontanel and Michael\u00a0D Ward. 1993. Military expenditures, armament, and disarmament. Defence and Peace economics 4, 1 (1993), 63\u201378."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Jim Garamone. 2023. U.S. Sends Ukraine $400 Million in Military Equipment. https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/News-Stories\/Article\/Article\/3318508\/us-sends-ukraine-400-million-in-military-equipment\/#:\u00a0:text=The%20United%20States%20will%20transfer Defense%20Department%20officials%20said%20today."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13537121.2015.1111636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Thomas Gibbons-Neff. 2018. How a 4-Hour Battle Between Russian Mercenaries and U.S. Commandos Unfolded in Syria. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/05\/24\/world\/middleeast\/american-commandos-russian-mercenaries-syria.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Rick Gladstone. 2017. Saudi Blockade of Yemen Threatens to Starve Millions U.N. Says. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/11\/08\/world\/middleeast\/yemen-saudi-blockade.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002784028004002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Andy Greenberg and Lily\u00a0Hay Newman. 2023. China Hacks US Critical Networks in Guam Raising Cyberwar Fears. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/china-volt-typhoon-hack-us-critical-infrastructure\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Not what you\u2019ve signed up for: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.12173","author":"Greshake Kai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kai Greshake, Sahar Abdelnabi, Shailesh Mishra, Christoph Endres, Thorsten Holz, and Mario Fritz. 2023. Not what you\u2019ve signed up for: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.12173 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Trade in services and regional trade agreements: Do negotiations on services have to be specific?The World Economy 36, 11","author":"Guillin Am\u00e9lie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Am\u00e9lie Guillin. 2013. Trade in services and regional trade agreements: Do negotiations on services have to be specific?The World Economy 36, 11 (2013), 1406\u20131423."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2020.105456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"W.J. Hennigan. 2023. The Chinese Spy Balloon Appears Designed to Listen to Americans\u2019 Communications. https:\/\/time.com\/6254318\/chinese-balloon-spy-equipment-antennas\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Wormhole Escalation in the New Nuclear Age (Summer","author":"Hersman Rebecca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rebecca Hersman. 2020. Wormhole Escalation in the New Nuclear Age (Summer 2020). Texas National Security Review (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Michael Hirsh. 2023. How AI Will Revolutionize Warfare. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/04\/11\/ai-arms-race-artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-military-technology\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyatt Hoffman and Heeu\u00a0Millie Kim. 2023. Reducing the Risks of Artificial Intelligence for Military Decision Advantage. https:\/\/cset.georgetown.edu\/publication\/reducing-the-risks-of-artificial-intelligence-for-military-decision-advantage\/","DOI":"10.51593\/2021CA008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"2013 5th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON","author":"Iasiello Emilio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Emilio Iasiello. 2013. Cyber attack: A dull tool to shape foreign policy. In 2013 5th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON 2013). IEEE, 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Bonnie Johnson. 2021. Artificial intelligence systems: unique challenges for defense applications. https:\/\/www.dair.nps.edu\/handle\/123456789\/4394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343314565434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Theories of Peace and Security: A Reader in Contemporary Strategic Thought","author":"Kahn Herman","unstructured":"Herman Kahn. 1970. The Concept of Escalation. In Theories of Peace and Security: A Reader in Contemporary Strategic Thought. Springer, 248\u2013258."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"On escalation: Metaphors and scenarios","author":"Kahn Herman","unstructured":"Herman Kahn. 2010. On escalation: Metaphors and scenarios. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002719857796"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00396336908440951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Max Lamparth and Anka Reuel. 2023. Analyzing And Editing Inner Mechanisms Of Backdoored Language Models. arxiv:2302.12461 [cs]http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2302.12461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Carole Landry. 2022. Day 1 of Russia\u2019s invasion. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/02\/24\/briefing\/day-1-of-russias-invasion.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Cyberspace Escalation: Ladders or Lattices?Cyber Threats and NATO 2030: Horizon Scanning and Analysis","author":"Libicki C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin\u00a0C Libicki and Olesya Tkacheva. 2020. Cyberspace Escalation: Ladders or Lattices?Cyber Threats and NATO 2030: Horizon Scanning and Analysis (2020), 60."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/723974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13540661211064090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2600674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Strategic Behavior of Large Language Models: Game Structure vs. Contextual Framing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.05898","author":"Lor\u00e8 Nunzio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nunzio Lor\u00e8 and Babak Heydari. 2023. Strategic Behavior of Large Language Models: Game Structure vs. Contextual Framing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.05898 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Katrina Manson. 2023. The US Military Is Taking Generative AI Out for a Spin. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/newsletters\/2023-07-05\/the-us-military-is-taking-generative-ai-out-for-a-spin?embedded-checkout=true"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-790-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Optimizing National Security Strategies through LLM-Driven Artificial Intelligence Integration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.13927","author":"Mikhailov I","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dmitry\u00a0I Mikhailov. 2023. Optimizing National Security Strategies through LLM-Driven Artificial Intelligence Integration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.13927 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Maggie Miller and Lara Seligman. 2023. The U.S. is getting hacked. So the Pentagon is overhauling its approach to cyber.https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2023\/09\/12\/pentagon-cyber-command-private-companies-00115206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Dangerous thresholds: Managing escalation in the 21st century","author":"Morgan E","unstructured":"Forrest\u00a0E Morgan, Karl\u00a0P Mueller, Evan\u00a0S Medeiros, Kevin\u00a0L Pollpeter, and Roger Cliff. 2008. Dangerous thresholds: Managing escalation in the 21st century. RAND Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Welfare Diplomacy: Benchmarking Language Model Cooperation. arxiv:2310.08901\u00a0[cs.MA]","author":"Mukobi Gabriel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gabriel Mukobi, Hannah Erlebach, Niklas Lauffer, Lewis Hammond, Alan Chan, and Jesse Clifton. 2023. Welfare Diplomacy: Benchmarking Language Model Cooperation. arxiv:2310.08901\u00a0[cs.MA]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Talk: Evaluating LLMs is a minefield. https:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/\u00a0arvindn\/talks\/evaluating_llms_minefield\/","author":"Narayanan Arvind","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arvind Narayanan and Sayash Kapoor. 2023. Talk: Evaluating LLMs is a minefield. https:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/\u00a0arvindn\/talks\/evaluating_llms_minefield\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"United Nations. 1945. United Nations Charter. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/un-charter\/full-text#:\u00a0:text=Article%2051 maintain%20international%20peace%20and%20security."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Jackie Northham. 2023. Canada says India was involved in Sikh leader\u2019s death. Allies haven\u2019t condemned India. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/09\/22\/1200994903\/canada-says-india-was-involved-in-sikh-leaders-death-allies-havent-condemned-ind"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. Models. https:\/\/platform.openai.com\/docs\/models\/overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Long Ouyang Jeff Wu Xu Jiang Diogo Almeida Carroll\u00a0L. Wainwright Pamela Mishkin Chong Zhang Sandhini Agarwal Katarina Slama Alex Ray John Schulman Jacob Hilton Fraser Kelton Luke Miller Maddie Simens Amanda Askell Peter Welinder Paul Christiano Jan Leike and Ryan Lowe. 2022. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. arxiv:2203.02155 [cs]http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2203.02155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0738894214545034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00380237.1987.10570520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Andrew Paul. 2023. AI should never be able to launch nukes US legislators say. https:\/\/lieu.house.gov\/media-center\/in-the-news\/ai-should-never-be-able-launch-nukes-us-legislators-say"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15027570.2016.1170385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Even When Users Do Not Intend To!arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.03693","author":"Qi Xiangyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiangyu Qi, Yi Zeng, Tinghao Xie, Pin-Yu Chen, Ruoxi Jia, Prateek Mittal, and Peter Henderson. 2023. Fine-tuning Aligned Language Models Compromises Safety, Even When Users Do Not Intend To!arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.03693 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orbis.2006.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Microsoft: Chinese hackers hit key US bases on Guam. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-65705198","author":"Ritchie Hannah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hannah Ritchie. 2023. Microsoft: Chinese hackers hit key US bases on Guam. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-65705198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement","author":"Rubin Z","unstructured":"Jeffrey\u00a0Z Rubin, Dean\u00a0G Pruitt, and Sung\u00a0Hee Kim. 1994. Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2539273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.4.929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"September 2020","author":"Schneider Jacquelyn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacquelyn Schneider. 2020. Defining and Conceptualizing Thresholds. Presentation at the American Political Science Association Meeting, September 2020 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jogss\/ogac005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818323000115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"Chad Scott. 2023. Transforming Military Planning through the Power of Large Language Models and AI. https:\/\/www.crossroadsofpower.com\/post\/transforming-military-planning-through-the-power-of-large-language-models-and-ai"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Raimondo meets Chinese officials in \u2018tricky","author":"Shan Lee\u00a0Ying","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee\u00a0Ying Shan. 2023. Raimondo meets Chinese officials in \u2018tricky\u2019 visit as countries seek a more stable relationship. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2023\/08\/28\/raimondo-meets-chinese-officials-as-countries-seek-more-stable-relationship.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Communicating the Foreign Policy Strategy: on Instruments and Means of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. In SHS Web of Conferences, Vol.\u00a0100","author":"Sheludiakova Natalia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Natalia Sheludiakova, Bahodir Mamurov, Iryna Maksymova, Kateryna Slyusarenko, and Iryna Yegorova. 2021. Communicating the Foreign Policy Strategy: on Instruments and Means of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. In SHS Web of Conferences, Vol.\u00a0100. EDP Sciences, 02005."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"Thomas Sherlock. 2023. Putin\u2019s Justification for War Is Unraveling. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/08\/03\/russia-ukraine-war-putin-prigozhin-wagner\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/raft-2021-0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Victor Tangermann. 2024. OpenAI Axes Ban on Military Contracts Reveals Deal With Pentagon. https:\/\/futurism.com\/the-byte\/openai-military-deal-pentagon"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Nina Tannenwald. 2022. \u2018Limited\u2019 Tactical Nuclear Weapons Would Be Catastrophic. https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/limited-tactical-nuclear-weapons-would-be-catastrophic\/#:\u00a0:text=A%20tactical%20nuclear%20weapon%20would term%20health%20damage%20in%20survivors."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"Yew\u00a0Lun Tian. 2023. China plans 7.2% defence spending rise this year faster than GDP target. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-says-armed-forces-should-boost-combat-preparedness-2023-03-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09288","author":"Touvron Hugo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, and Kevin Stone. 2023. Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09288 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Simulation and wargaming","author":"Turnitsa Charles","unstructured":"Charles Turnitsa, Curtis Blais, and Andreas Tolk. 2022. Simulation and wargaming. Wiley Online Library."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"The four critical elements of analytic wargame design","volume":"51","author":"Wade Brian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brian Wade. 2018. The four critical elements of analytic wargame design. Phalanx 51, 4 (2018), 18\u201323.","journal-title":"Phalanx"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","unstructured":"Alex Ward. 2019. Pakistan cuts off diplomatic and economic ties to India over Kashmir power grab. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2019\/8\/8\/20778290\/pakistan-india-kashmir-article-370-diplomatic-economic"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou","author":"Wei Jason","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou. 2023. Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models. arxiv:2201.11903\u00a0[cs.CL]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"The politics of nuclear disarmament","volume":"1","author":"Williams Raymond","year":"1980","unstructured":"Raymond Williams. 1980. The politics of nuclear disarmament. New Left Review 1, 124 (1980), 25\u201342.","journal-title":"New Left Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Fundamental limitations of alignment in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11082","author":"Wolf Yotam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yotam Wolf, Noam Wies, Yoav Levine, and Amnon Shashua. 2023. Fundamental limitations of alignment in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11082 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Shadow Alignment: The Ease of Subverting Safely-Aligned Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.02949","author":"Yang Xianjun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xianjun Yang, Xiao Wang, Qi Zhang, Linda Petzold, William\u00a0Yang Wang, Xun Zhao, and Dahua Lin. 2023. Shadow Alignment: The Ease of Subverting Safely-Aligned Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.02949 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Large language model as autonomous decision maker. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.12519","author":"Ye Yining","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yining Ye, Xin Cong, Yujia Qin, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2023. Large language model as autonomous decision maker. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.12519 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/186810261003900202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"On the Safety of Open-Sourced Large Language Models: Does Alignment Really Prevent Them From Being Misused?arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.01581","author":"Zhang Hangfan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hangfan Zhang, Zhimeng Guo, Huaisheng Zhu, Bochuan Cao, Lu Lin, Jinyuan Jia, Jinghui Chen, and Dinghao Wu. 2023. On the Safety of Open-Sourced Large Language Models: Does Alignment Really Prevent Them From Being Misused?arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.01581 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"Andy Zou Zifan Wang J.\u00a0Zico Kolter and Matt Fredrikson. 2023. Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models. arxiv:2307.15043 [cs]http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.15043"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '24: The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Rio de Janeiro Brazil","acronym":"FAccT '24"},"container-title":["The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3630106.3658942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3630106.3658942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:33:53Z","timestamp":1755884033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3630106.3658942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3630106.3658942","10.1145\/3630106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3630106.3658942","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}