{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:50:58Z","timestamp":1785171058258,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":109,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","award":["460234259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["460234259"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658981","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1717593261000},"page":"1433-1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Knowledge-Enhanced Language Models Are Not Bias-Proof: Situated Knowledge and Epistemic Injustice in AI"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2980-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelie","family":"Kraft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Germany and Leuphana Universit\u00e4t L\u00fcneburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7562-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elo\u00efse","family":"Soulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008306015799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garima Agrawal Tharindu Kumarage Zeyad Alghami and Huan Liu. 2023. Can Knowledge Graphs Reduce Hallucinations in LLMs?: A Survey. arXiv:2311.07914https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2311.07914","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2311.07914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/philtopics199523213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 ed.), Edward\u00a0N","author":"Anderson Elizabeth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elizabeth Anderson. 2020. Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 ed.), Edward\u00a0N. Zalta (Ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2020\/entries\/feminism-epistemology\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Fairness and Machine Learning: Limitations and Opportunities","author":"Barocas Solon","unstructured":"Solon Barocas, Moritz Hardt, and Arvind Narayanan. 2023. Fairness and Machine Learning: Limitations and Opportunities. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/TACL_A_00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551624.3555290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collin Burns Haotian Ye Dan Klein and Jacob Steinhardt. 2022. Discovering Latent Knowledge in Language Models Without Supervision. arXiv:2212.03827https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2212.03827","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2212.03827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3578503.3583620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Discourse on Method","author":"Descartes Ren\u00e9","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9 Descartes. 2012. Discourse on Method. Hackett Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Online) (AACL-IJCNLP","author":"Dev Sunipa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sunipa Dev, Emily Sheng, Jieyu Zhao, Aubrie Amstutz, Jiao Sun, Yu Hou, Mattie Sanseverino, Jiin Kim, Akihiro Nishi, Nanyun Peng, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2022. On Measures of Biases and Harms in NLP. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Online) (AACL-IJCNLP 2022). ACL, 246\u2013267. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.findings-aacl.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation","author":"ElSahar Hady","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hady ElSahar, Pavlos Vougiouklis, Arslen Remaci, Christophe Gravier, Jonathon\u00a0S. Hare, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Laforest, and Elena Simperl. 2018. T-REx: A Large Scale Alignment of Natural Language with Knowledge Base Triples. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (Miyazaki, Japan) (LREC 2018). ELRA. http:\/\/www.lrec-conf.org\/proceedings\/lrec2018\/summaries\/632.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MIND.0000035461.63578.9d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"The Theory of Epistemic Rationality","author":"Foley Richard","unstructured":"Richard Foley. 1987. The Theory of Epistemic Rationality. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312793023003002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198237907.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/230538.230561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yunfan Gao Yun Xiong Xinyu Gao Kangxiang Jia Jinliu Pan Yuxi Bi Yi Dai Jiawei Sun Qianyu Guo Meng Wang and Haofen Wang. 2023. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey. (2023). arXiv:2312.10997https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2312.10997","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2312.10997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Hierarchy of Knowledge in Machine Learning & Related Fields & Its Consequences","author":"Gebru Timnit","unstructured":"Timnit Gebru. 2021. Hierarchy of Knowledge in Machine Learning & Related Fields & Its Consequences. In Carnegie Mellon Human-Computer Interaction Institute Seminar Series. https:\/\/scs.hosted.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Viewer.aspx?id=70f6edd7-de91-464e-ae94-acbb011ba2c7 (Video recording)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond Political-Economy Paradigms","volume":"21","author":"Grosfoguel Ram\u00f3n","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ram\u00f3n Grosfoguel. 2007. The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond Political-Economy Paradigms. Cultural Studies 21, 2-3 (2007), 211\u2013223. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09502380601162514","journal-title":"Cultural Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. In Space","author":"Haraway Donna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donna Haraway. 2016. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. In Space, Gender, Knowledge: Feminist Readings. Routledge, 53\u201372. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3178066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"\u201cStrong Objectivity\u201d? In Feminist Epistemologies","author":"Harding Sandra","unstructured":"Sandra Harding. 2013. Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: What is \u201cStrong Objectivity\u201d? In Feminist Epistemologies. Routledge, 49\u201382. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23739232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2026523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820958725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Wikidata Workshop (Wikidata 2020) co-located with 19th International Semantic Web Conference (Online) (OPub","author":"Ilievski Filip","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filip Ilievski, Pedro\u00a0A. Szekely, and Daniel Schwabe. 2020. Commonsense Knowledge in Wikidata. In Proceedings of the 1st Wikidata Workshop (Wikidata 2020) co-located with 19th International Semantic Web Conference (Online) (OPub 2020). CEUR-ws.org. https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2773\/paper-10.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-022-00022-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition","author":"Jurafsky Dan","unstructured":"Dan Jurafsky and James\u00a0H. Martin. 2009. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education International. https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/315913020","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2207.05221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"An Answer to the Question: \u2019What is Enlightenment?\u2019","author":"Kant Immanuel","unstructured":"Immanuel Kant. 2013. An Answer to the Question: \u2019What is Enlightenment?\u2019. Penguin UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"An Exploration Into Cognitive Bias in Ontologies. In Joint Ontology Workshops 2021 Episode VII: The Bolzano Summer of Knowledge","author":"Keet Maria","year":"2021","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Maria Keet. 2021. An Exploration Into Cognitive Bias in Ontologies. In Joint Ontology Workshops 2021 Episode VII: The Bolzano Summer of Knowledge (Bolzano, Italy) (JOWO 2021). CEUR-ws.org. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2969\/paper38-CAOS.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5206\/fpq"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific","author":"Kraft Angelie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Angelie Kraft and Ricardo Usbeck. 2022. The Lifecycle of \u201cFacts\u201d: A Survey of Social Bias in Knowledge Graphs. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) (Online) (AACL-IJCNLP 2022). ACL, 639\u2013652. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.aacl-main.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2038558.2038560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2020 (Online) (NeurIPS","author":"Lewis Patrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patrick S.\u00a0H. Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich K\u00fcttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rockt\u00e4schel, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela. 2020. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2020 (Online) (NeurIPS 2020). https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2020\/hash\/6b493230205f780e1bc26945df7481e5-Abstract.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (Online) (ICML","author":"Liang Paul\u00a0Pu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0Pu Liang, Chiyu Wu, Louis-Philippe Morency, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. 2021. Towards Understanding and Mitigating Social Biases in Language Models. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (Online) (ICML 2021, Vol.\u00a0139). PMLR, 6565\u20136576. http:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v139\/liang21a.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01944-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EDI-10-2018-0198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu Myle Ott Naman Goyal Jingfei Du Mandar Joshi Danqi Chen Omer Levy Mike Lewis Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. (2019). arXiv:1907.11692http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.11692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry","author":"Longino E.","unstructured":"Helen\u00a0E. Longino. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton University Press. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctvx5wbfz"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691187013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeffrey Jun-jie Ma and Charles\u00a0Chuankai Zhang. 2023. Understanding Structured Knowledge Production: A Case Study of Wikidata\u2019s Representation Injustice. arXiv:2311.02767https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2311.02767","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2311.02767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gary Marcus. 2020. The Next Decade in AI: Four Steps Towards Robust Artificial Intelligence. (2020). arXiv:2002.06177https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2002.06177","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2002.06177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-180333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2011.01175.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372923.3404804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2022.3170914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243920924783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Ideology","author":"Mills W.","unstructured":"Charles\u00a0W. Mills. 2017. Ideology. In The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice. Routledge London, 100\u2013111."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Bias in Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction - A Workshop at AKBC 2020 (Online). ACM. https:\/\/kg-bias.github.io\/NER_Bias_KG_Bias.pdf","author":"Mishra Shubhanshu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shubhanshu Mishra, Sijun He, and Luca Belli. 2020. Assessing Demographic Bias in Named Entity Recognition. In Proceedings of the Bias in Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction - A Workshop at AKBC 2020 (Online). ACM. https:\/\/kg-bias.github.io\/NER_Bias_KG_Bias.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01744-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-212865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"To Save Everything","author":"Morozov Evgeny","unstructured":"Evgeny Morozov. 2013. To Save Everything, Click Here: Technology, Solutionism and the Urge to Fix Problems that Don\u2019t Exist. PublicAffairs. 432 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moin Nadeem Anna Bethke and Siva Reddy. 2021. StereoSet: Measuring Stereotypical Bias in Pretrained Language Models. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) (Online) (ACL-IJCNLP 2021). ACL 5356\u20135371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.416","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"The View From Nowhere","author":"Nagel Thomas","unstructured":"Thomas Nagel. 1989. The View From Nowhere. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrei Nesterov Laura Hollink and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. 2023. How Contentious Terms About People and Cultures are Used in Linked Open Data. (2023). arXiv:2311.10757https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2311.10757","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2311.10757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sven Nyholm and Lily\u00a0Eva Frank. 2017. From Sex Robots to Love Robots: Is Mutual Love With a Robot Possible? In Robot Sex: Social and Ethical Implications.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262036689.003.0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4230\/TGDK.1.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2024.3352100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-160218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Decolonial Praxis and Epistemic Injustice","author":"Pitts J.","unstructured":"Andrea\u00a0J. Pitts. 2017. Decolonial Praxis and Epistemic Injustice. In The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice. Routledge London, 149\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yujia Qin Yankai Lin Ryuichi Takanobu Zhiyuan Liu Peng Li Heng Ji Minlie Huang Maosong Sun and Jie Zhou. 2021. ERICA: Improving Entity and Relation Understanding for Pre-trained Language Models via Contrastive Learning. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) (Online) (ACL-IJCNLP 2021). ACL 3350\u20133363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.260","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Language Models Are Unsupervised Multitask Learners. OpenAI Blog","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019. Language Models Are Unsupervised Multitask Learners. OpenAI Blog (2019). https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/better-language-models\/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","article-title":"Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel Colin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter\u00a0J. Liu. 2020. Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. Journal of Machine Learning Research 21 (2020), 140:1\u2013140:67. http:\/\/jmlr.org\/papers\/v21\/20-074.html","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Do LLMs Believe. (December","author":"Rathkopf Charle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Charle Rathkopf. 2023. Do LLMs Believe. (December 2023). Talk at Philosophy and Theory of AI Conference, Erlangen."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/V1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Salvatore Romano Natalie Kerby Riccardo Angius Simone Robutti Miazia Schueler Marc Faddoul Raziye\u00a0Buse \u00c7etin Clara Helming Angela M\u00fcller Matthias Spielkamp Anna\u00a0Lena Schiller Waldemar Kesler Melis Omalar Marc Th\u00fcmmler Mira Zimmermann Isabel Sanchez Alexandra Kimel Estelle Pannatier Tobias Urech Denis Sorie Michele Loi and Alex Felder. 2023. Generative AI and Elections: Are Chatbots a Reliable Source of Information for Voters?AI Forensics Algorithm Watch Algorithm Watch CH. https:\/\/algorithmwatch.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/AlgorithmWatch_AIForensics_Bing_Chat_Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific","author":"Schneider Phillip","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phillip Schneider, Tim Schopf, Juraj Vladika, Mikhail Galkin, Elena Simperl, and Florian Matthes. 2022. A Decade of Knowledge Graphs in Natural Language Processing: A Survey. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) (Online) (AACL-IJCNLP 2022). ACL, 601\u2013614. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.aacl-main.46"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS52906.2021.00099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/V1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-010-9243-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab","author":"Steup Matthias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matthias Steup and Ram Neta. 2024. Epistemology. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2024\/entries\/epistemology\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiao Sun and Nanyun Peng. 2021. Men Are Elected Women Are Married: Events Gender Bias on Wikipedia. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers) (Online) (ACL-IJCNLP 2021). ACL 350\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/V1\/2021.ACL-SHORT.45","DOI":"10.18653\/V1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/V1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/V1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3366\/E1742360008000518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211023772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2629489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol.\u00a036. Curran Associates","author":"Wang Boxin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boxin Wang, Weixin Chen, Hengzhi Pei, Chulin Xie, Mintong Kang, Chenhui Zhang, Chejian Xu, Zidi Xiong, Ritik Dutta, Rylan Schaeffer, Sang Truong, Simran Arora, Mantas Mazeika, Dan Hendrycks, Zinan Lin, Yu Cheng, Sanmi Koyejo, Dawn Song, and Bo Li. 2023. DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol.\u00a036. Curran Associates, Inc., 31232\u201331339. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2023\/file\/63cb9921eecf51bfad27a99b2c53dd6d-Paper-Datasets_and_Benchmarks.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/V1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/V1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231177620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2024.3360454"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Singapore) (EMNLP","author":"Youssef Paul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paul Youssef, Osman\u00a0Alperen Koras, Meijie Li, J\u00f6rg Schl\u00f6tterer, and Christin Seifert. 2023. Give Me the Facts! A Survey on Factual Knowledge Probing in Pre-trained Language Models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Singapore) (EMNLP 2023). ACL, 15588\u201315605. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2023.findings-emnlp.1043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479986.3479992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/AAAI.V36I10.21425"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '24: The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Rio de Janeiro Brazil","acronym":"FAccT '24"},"container-title":["The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3630106.3658981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3630106.3658981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:50:58Z","timestamp":1750287058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3630106.3658981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3630106.3658981","10.1145\/3630106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3630106.3658981","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}