{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T06:52:50Z","timestamp":1782802370806,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":65,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECF-2021-429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECF-2021-429"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3659007","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1717593261000},"page":"1809-1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond Use-Cases: A Participatory Approach to Envisioning Data Science in Law Enforcement"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2997-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin","family":"Kearney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3456-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Hron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google DeepMind, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Kosc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miri","family":"Zilka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Alexander Babuta and Marion Oswald. 2020. Data analytics and algorithms in policing in England and Wales: Towards a new policy framework. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","first-page":"671","article-title":"Big data\u2019s disparate impact","volume":"104","author":"Barocas Solon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solon Barocas and Andrew\u00a0D Selbst. 2016. Big data\u2019s disparate impact. Calif. L. Rev. 104 (2016), 671.","journal-title":"Calif. L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The retention and disclosure of criminal records. https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/SN06441\/SN06441.pdf Accessed","author":"Beard Jacqueline","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jacqueline Beard. 2020. The retention and disclosure of criminal records. https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/SN06441\/SN06441.pdf Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Imagined futures: Fictional expectations and capitalist dynamics","author":"JENS BECKERT.","unstructured":"JENS BECKERT. 2016. Imagined futures: Fictional expectations and capitalist dynamics. Harvard University Press, [Cambridge]. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctvjnrvrw"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537320600777002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417725865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3577010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nik Brown. 2016. Contested futures: A sociology of prospective techno-science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315259420","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315259420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Social network analysis and law enforcement: Applications for intelligence analysis","author":"Burcher Morgan","unstructured":"Morgan Burcher. 2020. Social network analysis and law enforcement: Applications for intelligence analysis. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221089310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. Big data 5, 2","author":"Chouldechova Alexandra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alexandra Chouldechova. 2017. Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. Big data 5, 2 (2017), 153\u2013163."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854820932959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Artificial dreams: the quest for non-biological intelligence. Vol.\u00a0200","author":"Ekbia Hamid\u00a0Reza","unstructured":"Hamid\u00a0Reza Ekbia. 2008. Artificial dreams: the quest for non-biological intelligence. Vol.\u00a0200. Cambridge University Press Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. PMLR, 160\u2013171","author":"Ensign Danielle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danielle Ensign, Sorelle\u00a0A Friedler, Scott Neville, Carlos Scheidegger, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian. 2018. Runaway feedback loops in predictive policing. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. PMLR, 160\u2013171."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"False positives, false negatives, and false analyses: A rejoinder to machine bias: There\u2019s software used across the country to predict future criminals. and it\u2019s biased against blacks","volume":"80","author":"Flores W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anthony\u00a0W Flores, Kristin Bechtel, and Christopher\u00a0T Lowenkamp. 2016. False positives, false negatives, and false analyses: A rejoinder to machine bias: There\u2019s software used across the country to predict future criminals. and it\u2019s biased against blacks. Fed. Probation 80 (2016), 38.","journal-title":"Fed. Probation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Joan\u00a0H Fujimura. 2003. Future imaginaries: Genome scientists as socio-cultural entrepreneurs."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Peter Fussey and Daragh Murray. 2019. Independent report on the London Metropolitan Police Service\u2019s trial of live facial recognition technology. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480620967020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691457.2020.1870213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Evaluating Algorithmic Risk Assessment. New criminal law review 24, 2","author":"Hamilton Melissa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melissa Hamilton. 2021. Evaluating Algorithmic Risk Assessment. New criminal law review 24, 2 (2021), 156\u2013211."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"POLICING AND THE PUBLIC: UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC PRIORITIES, ATTITUDES AND EXPECTATIONS. https:\/\/www.police-foundation.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/insight_paper_1.pdf Accessed","author":"Higgins Andy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andy Higgins. 2020. POLICING AND THE PUBLIC: UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC PRIORITIES, ATTITUDES AND EXPECTATIONS. https:\/\/www.police-foundation.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/insight_paper_1.pdf Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"HMICS Annual Report 2018\u201319. https:\/\/www.hmics.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HMICS20190626PUB.pdf Accessed","author":"HMICS.","year":"2024","unstructured":"HMICS. 2019. HMICS Annual Report 2018\u201319. https:\/\/www.hmics.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HMICS20190626PUB.pdf Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"HMICS. 2023. HMICS Thematic Inspection of Organisational Culture in Police Scotland. https:\/\/www.hmics.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HMICS20231207PUB_0.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Police Scotland frisk nine times as many people as the NYPD. https:\/\/www.heraldscotland.com\/news\/13171034.police-scotland-frisk-nine-times-many-people-nypd\/ Accessed","author":"Hutcheon Paul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paul Hutcheon. 2014. Police Scotland frisk nine times as many people as the NYPD. https:\/\/www.heraldscotland.com\/news\/13171034.police-scotland-frisk-nine-times-many-people-nypd\/ Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Data Driven Policing in the Context of Europe. Data Justice Lab","author":"Jansen Fieke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fieke Jansen. 2018. Data Driven Policing in the Context of Europe. Data Justice Lab (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Technology Rules? The advent of new technologies in the justice system. HLPaper180","author":"Home\u00a0Affairs Committee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Justice, Home\u00a0Affairs Committee, 2022. Technology Rules? The advent of new technologies in the justice system. HLPaper180. Westminster: The House of Lords (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Worker-AI Interface Design Concepts. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference. 454\u2013470","author":"Kawakami Anna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anna Kawakami, Venkatesh Sivaraman, Logan Stapleton, Hao-Fei Cheng, Adam Perer, Zhiwei\u00a0Steven Wu, Haiyi Zhu, and Kenneth Holstein. 2022. \u201cWhy Do I Care What\u2019s Similar?\u201d Probing Challenges in AI-Assisted Child Welfare Decision-Making through Worker-AI Interface Design Concepts. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference. 454\u2013470."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"To predict and serve?Significance 13, 5","author":"Lum Kristian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kristian Lum and William Isaac. 2016. To predict and serve?Significance 13, 5 (2016), 14\u201319."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0264550506060861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Office of Justice Programs","author":"Mamalian A","unstructured":"Cynthia\u00a0A Mamalian and Nancy\u00a0Gladys La\u00a0Vigne. 1999. The use of computerized crime mapping by law enforcement: Survey results. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"The technology of policing: crime mapping, information technology, and the rationality of crime control. Vol.\u00a04","author":"Manning K","unstructured":"Peter\u00a0K Manning. 2008. The technology of policing: crime mapping, information technology, and the rationality of crime control. Vol.\u00a04. NYU Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Software for qualitative and mixed methods analysis. https:\/\/www.maxqda.com\/ Accessed","author":"MAXQDA.","year":"2024","unstructured":"MAXQDA. 2024. Software for qualitative and mixed methods analysis. https:\/\/www.maxqda.com\/ Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41887-020-00050-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Risk assessment in criminal sentencing. Annual review of clinical psychology 12","author":"Monahan John","year":"2016","unstructured":"John Monahan and Jennifer\u00a0L Skeem. 2016. Risk assessment in criminal sentencing. Annual review of clinical psychology 12 (2016), 489\u2013513."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2022.2029433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"BBC News. 2018. Kent Police stop using crime predicting software. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-england-kent-46345717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"First UK police force to try predictive policing ends contract. https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/b34b0b08-ef19-11e8-89c8-d36339d835c0 Accessed","author":"Nilsson Patricia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patricia Nilsson. 2018. First UK police force to try predictive policing ends contract. https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/b34b0b08-ef19-11e8-89c8-d36339d835c0 Accessed: Dec 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13600834.2018.1458455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"PredPol. [n. d.]. How Predictive Policing Works. https:\/\/www.predpol.com\/how-predictive-policing-works\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"d.]. Kent Police Use PredPol To Prevent Violent Crime. https:\/\/www.predpol.com\/kent-police-use-predpol-to-prevent-violent-crime\/ Accessed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Predpol. [n. d.]. Kent Police Use PredPol To Prevent Violent Crime. https:\/\/www.predpol.com\/kent-police-use-predpol-to-prevent-violent-crime\/ Accessed: Dec 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Dirty data, bad predictions: How civil rights violations impact police data, predictive policing systems, and justice","volume":"94","author":"Richardson Rashida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashida Richardson, Jason\u00a0M Schultz, and Kate Crawford. 2019. Dirty data, bad predictions: How civil rights violations impact police data, predictive policing systems, and justice. NYUL Rev. Online 94 (2019), 15.","journal-title":"NYUL Rev. Online"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17440572.2017.1323637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2020.1803315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Aaron Sankin Dhruv Mehrota Surya Mattu and Annie Gilbertson. 2021. Crime Prediction Software Promised to Be Free of Biases. New Data Shows It Perpetuates Them. https:\/\/themarkup.org\/prediction-bias\/2021\/12\/02\/crime-prediction-software-promised-to-be-free-of-biases-new-data-shows-it-perpetuates-them"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"d.]. Jargon Buster. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/strategic-planning\/children-and-young-people\/jargon-buster\/ Accessed","author":"Scotland Police","year":"2024","unstructured":"Police Scotland. [n. d.]. Jargon Buster. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/strategic-planning\/children-and-young-people\/jargon-buster\/ Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Joint Strategy for Policing. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/spa-media\/crhngr0e\/joint-strategy-for-policing-2020-21.pdf Accessed","author":"Scotland Police","year":"2024","unstructured":"Police Scotland. 2020. Joint Strategy for Policing. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/spa-media\/crhngr0e\/joint-strategy-for-policing-2020-21.pdf Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Our new approach to call handling. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/call-handling\/our-new-approach\/ Accessed","author":"Scotland Police","year":"2023","unstructured":"Police Scotland. 2020. Our new approach to call handling. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/call-handling\/our-new-approach\/ Accessed: Dec 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Equality and Diversity Employment Monitoring Report. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/spa-media\/3jmlr1yq\/edi_monitoring_report_21_22_9958_ar.pdf Accessed","author":"Scotland Police","year":"2024","unstructured":"Police Scotland. 2021\/2022. Equality and Diversity Employment Monitoring Report. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/spa-media\/3jmlr1yq\/edi_monitoring_report_21_22_9958_ar.pdf Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Digital Strategy. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/spa-media\/ujamefig\/digital-strategy-5-12-_accessible-version.pdf Accessed","author":"Scotland Police","year":"2024","unstructured":"Police Scotland. 2023. Digital Strategy. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/spa-media\/ujamefig\/digital-strategy-5-12-_accessible-version.pdf Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/taser\/ Accessed","author":"Scotland Police","year":"2024","unstructured":"Police Scotland. 2024. Taser. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/taser\/ Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Use of Force. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/use-of-force\/ Accessed","author":"Scotland Police","year":"2024","unstructured":"Police Scotland. 2024. Use of Force. https:\/\/www.scotland.police.uk\/about-us\/how-we-do-it\/use-of-force\/ Accessed: Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Predictive Policing in China: An Authoritarian Dream of Public Security. Navei\u00f1 Reet: Nordic Journal of Law and Social Research (NNJLSR) No 9","author":"Sprick Daniel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daniel Sprick. 2019. Predictive Policing in China: An Authoritarian Dream of Public Security. Navei\u00f1 Reet: Nordic Journal of Law and Social Research (NNJLSR) No 9 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sofie van der Maarel D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Verweij Eric-Hans Kramer and Tine Molendijk. 2023. \u201cThis Is Not What I Signed up for\u201d: Sociotechnical Imaginaries Expectations and Disillusionment in a Dutch Military Innovation Hub. Science Technology & Human Values (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01622439231211032","DOI":"10.1177\/01622439231211032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-05-2020-0174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Reimagining AI in Social Work: Practitioner Perspectives on Incorporating Technology in their Practice. arXiv","author":"Wassal Katie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katie Wassal, Carolyn Ashurst, Jiri Hron, and Miri Zilka. 2024. Reimagining AI in Social Work: Practitioner Perspectives on Incorporating Technology in their Practice. arXiv (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"David Weisburd Rosann Greenspan Stephen Mastrofski and J Willis. 2008. Compstat and organizational change: A national assessment. (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology. The Verge 27","author":"Winston Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali Winston. 2018. Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology. The Verge 27 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Public uptake of science: a case for institutional reflexivity. Public understanding of science 2, 4","author":"Wynne Brian","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brian Wynne. 1993. Public uptake of science: a case for institutional reflexivity. Public understanding of science 2, 4 (1993), 321."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534200"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '24: The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Rio de Janeiro Brazil","acronym":"FAccT '24"},"container-title":["The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3630106.3659007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3630106.3659007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T23:57:07Z","timestamp":1750291027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3630106.3659007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3630106.3659007","10.1145\/3630106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3630106.3659007","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}