{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:57:54Z","timestamp":1776092274930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072383, 62077039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072383, 62077039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["20720210044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20720210044"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IEC\\NSFC\\211022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IEC\\NSFC\\211022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A text editing solution that adapts to speech-unfriendly (inconvenient to speak or difficult to recognize speech) environments is essential for head-mounted displays (HMDs) to work universally. For existing schemes, e.g., touch bar, virtual keyboard and physical keyboard, there are shortcomings such as insufficient speed, uncomfortable experience or restrictions on user location and posture. To mitigate these restrictions, we propose TouchEditor, a novel text editing system for HMDs based on a flexible piezoresistive film sensor, supporting cursor positioning, text selection, text retyping and editing commands (i.e., Copy, Paste, Delete, etc.). Through literature overview and heuristic study, we design a pressure-controlled menu and a shortcut gesture set for entering editing commands, and propose an area-and-pressure-based method for cursor positioning and text selection that skillfully maps gestures in different areas and with different strengths to cursor movements with different directions and granularities. The evaluation results show that TouchEditor i) adapts to various contents and scenes well with a stable correction speed of 0.075 corrections per second; ii) achieves 95.4% gesture recognition accuracy; iii) reaches a considerable level with a mobile phone in text selection tasks. The comparison results with the speech-dependent EYEditor and the built-in touch bar further prove the flexibility and robustness of TouchEditor in speech-unfriendly environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3631454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T12:52:04Z","timestamp":1705063924000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["TouchEditor"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lishuang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3296-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9945-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1473-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for AI Industry Research (AIR), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6500-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juncong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1551-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yipeng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067776"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85610-6_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025489"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332165.3347883"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3002171"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2012.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29384-0_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338286.3344389"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies7020031"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2371664.2371711"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300488"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174235"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3232163"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300404"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-6770-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay2840"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3569461"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382888"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830340105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445671"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481385"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242587.3242603"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701985"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376173"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174051"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785830.2785867"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3596258"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984557"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858052"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300244"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445501"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Julia Hertel and Frank Steinicke. 2021. Augmented Reality for Maritime Navigation Assistance - Egocentric Depth Perception in Large Distance Outdoor Environments. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 122--130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00033","DOI":"10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557130"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2254556.2254585"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2522848.2522861"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858436"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00092"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445533"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Eye Tracking: Background, Methods, and Applications","author":"Kasprowski Pawel","unstructured":"Pawel Kasprowski. 2022. Eye Tracking Hardware: Past to Present, and Beyond. In Eye Tracking: Background, Methods, and Applications. Springer, 31--48."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112946"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20380\/GI2018.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Chissom","author":"Kincaid J. Peter","year":"1975","unstructured":"J. Peter Kincaid, Robert P. Fishburne, R L Rogers, and Brad S. Chissom. 1975. Derivation of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173919"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c00079"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904274"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445106"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351252"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2019.8767420"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984572"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202100890"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201700253"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474788"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yi Lu Xiaoye Wang Jiangtao Gong Yun Liang and Kalidoss Rajakani. 2022. ChordAR: An Educational AR Game Design for Children's Music Theory Learning. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. 2022 (jan 2022) 9 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/5268586","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5268586"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/765891.765971"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3098279.3098545"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manuel Meier Paul Streli Andreas Fender and Christian Holz. 2021. TapID: Rapid Touch Interaction in Virtual Reality using Wearable Sensing. In 2021IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 519--528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00076","DOI":"10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00076"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","unstructured":"Carolina Milanesi. 2016. Voice Assistant Anyone? Yes please but not in public. In Creative Strategies."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3385956.3422114"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2742647.2742665"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","volume-title":"University of Maryland","author":"Norman Kent L","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kent L Norman, Ben Shneiderman, B Harper, and L Slaughter. 1998. Questionnaire for user interaction satisfaction. University of Maryland (Norman, 1989) Dispon\u00edvel em (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858179"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242587.3242638"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376236"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2019.000-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/348941.348979"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126594.3126652"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491207"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332165.3347895"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376815"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","volume-title":"Deep Touch: Sensing Press Gestures from Touch Image Sequences. Artificial Intelligence for Human Computer Interaction: A Modern Approach","author":"Quinn Philip","year":"2021","unstructured":"Philip Quinn, Wenxin Feng, and Shumin Zhai. 2021. Deep Touch: Sensing Press Gestures from Touch Image Sequences. Artificial Intelligence for Human Computer Interaction: A Modern Approach (2021), 169--192."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danny Schott Patrick Saalfeld Gerd Schmidt Fabian Joeres Christian Boedecker Florentine Huettl Hauke Lang Tobias Huber Bernhard Preim and Christian Hansen. 2021. A VR\/AR Environment for Multi-User Liver Anatomy Education. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 296--305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00052","DOI":"10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00052"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.000-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173225.3173242"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581465"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/371127.371166"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/371127.371166"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1234-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2023.103028"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","unstructured":"Ruben Geert van den Berg. 2022. SPSS ANOVA with Post Hoc Tests. Website. https:\/\/www.spss-tutorials.com\/spss-one-way-anova-with-post-hoc-tests-example."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376146"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3473856.3473862"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025783"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/354401.354427"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130978"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0296-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445712"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.69.20200987"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332165.3347865"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80056-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858542"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2868581"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494990"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581641.3584072"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3534610","article-title":"Quali-mat: Evaluating the quality of execution in body-weight exercises with a pressure sensitive sports mat","volume":"6","author":"Zhou Bo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bo Zhou, Sungho Suh, Vitor Fortes Rey, Carlos Andres Velez Altamirano, and Paul Lukowicz. 2022. Quali-mat: Evaluating the quality of execution in body-weight exercises with a pressure sensitive sports mat. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 2 (2022), 1--45.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3631454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3631454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T16:57:35Z","timestamp":1756313855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3631454"}},"subtitle":["Interaction Design and Evaluation of a Flexible Touchpad for Text Editing of Head-Mounted Displays in Speech-unfriendly Environments"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3631454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3631454","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}