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Recent experimental results suggest that Hamiltonian-oriented analog quantum simulation would be advantageous over circuit-oriented digital quantum simulation in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) machine era. However, programming analog quantum simulators is much more challenging due to the lack of a unified interface between hardware and software. In this paper, we design and implement SimuQ, the first framework for quantum Hamiltonian simulation that supports Hamiltonian programming and pulse-level compilation to heterogeneous analog quantum simulators. Specifically, in SimuQ, front-end users specify the target quantum system with Hamiltonian Modeling Language, and the Hamiltonian-level programmability of analog quantum simulators is specified through a new abstraction called the abstract analog instruction set (AAIS) and programmed in AAIS Specification Language by hardware providers. Through a solver-based compilation, SimuQ generates executable pulse schedules for real devices to simulate the evolution of desired quantum systems, which is demonstrated on superconducting (IBM), neutral-atom (QuEra), and trapped-ion (IonQ) quantum devices. Moreover, we demonstrate the advantages of exposing the Hamiltonian-level programmability of devices with native operations or interaction-based gates and establish a small benchmark of quantum simulation to evaluate SimuQ\u2019s compiler with the above analog quantum simulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3632923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T20:48:51Z","timestamp":1704487731000},"page":"2425-2455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["SimuQ: A Framework for Programming Quantum Hamiltonian Simulation with Analog Compilation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0592-7131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9133-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8877-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","volume-title":"Scaffold: Quantum programming language","author":"Abhari Ali J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ali J Abhari, Arvin Faruque, Mohammad J Dousti, Lukas Svec, Oana Catu, Amlan Chakrabati, Chen-Fu Chiang, Seth Vanderwilt, John Black, and Fred Chong. 2012. 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