{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T04:46:03Z","timestamp":1778301963231,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021ZD0110400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0110400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62072424, U20A20181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072424, U20A20181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS.","award":["ZDBS-LY-JSC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDBS-LY-JSC001"]}]},{"name":"Hefei Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WK3500000008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WK3500000008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Recent years have witnessed the emerging development of single-antenna wireless respiration detection that can be integrated into IoT devices with a single transceiver chain. However, existing single-antenna-based solutions are all limited by the short sensing range within 2-4 m due to noise interference, which makes them difficult to be adopted in most room-scale scenarios. To deal with this dilemma, we propose a room-scale, noise-resistance, and accurate respiration monitoring system, named\n            <jats:italic>Wi-Cyclops<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"fn\">\n              <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:xref>\n            which captures CSI changes induced by respiratory movements only via one antenna on commercial WiFi devices. To push the limits of effective sensing distance, we innovatively supply a new perspective to review the CSI samples along the sub-carrier dimension. From this dimension, we find that the interrelationship between sub-carriers with different timestamps still shows a high correlation even though the SNR decreases. Based on that, we analyze the noise characteristics along the sub-carrier dimension and correspondingly design a series of denoising schemes. Specifically, we carefully design a PCA-based denoising method to filter out ambient noises. After that, considering the low distribution densities of the AGC-induced noise, we then remove it by optimizing the DBSCAN denoising method with the K-Means-based adaptive radius search. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our system can work effectively in three typical family scenarios.\n            <jats:italic>Wi-Cyclops<\/jats:italic>\n            can achieve 98% accuracy even when the person is 7 m away from the transceiver pair. Compared with the start-of-art single-antenna-based approaches in real scenarios,\n            <jats:italic>Wi-Cyclops<\/jats:italic>\n            can improve the sensing range from 3 m to 7 m, which can meet the requirements of room-scale respiration monitoring. Additionally, to show the high compatibility with smart home devices,\n            <jats:italic>Wi-Cyclops<\/jats:italic>\n            is deployed on seven commercial IoT devices and still achieves a low average absolute error with 0.41 bpm.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3632958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T11:56:27Z","timestamp":1700135787000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Wi-Cyclops: Room-Scale WiFi Sensing System for Respiration Detection Based on Single-Antenna"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7159-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China and The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7555-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feiyu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China and Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2068-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2746285.2755969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su9050840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"A canonical correlation approach to blind source separation","author":"Borga M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"M. Borga and H. Knutsson. 2001. A canonical correlation approach to blind source separation. ieee pami vol (2001).","journal-title":"ieee pami vol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2699422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447993.3483251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"DAILY CIVIL. 2022. Standard Room Sizes. https:\/\/dailycivil.com\/standard-room-sizes-1\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Amy Droitcour. 2006. Non-contact measurement of heart and respiration rates with single chip microwave Doppler radar. (012006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2009.2029668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.823552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Martin Ester Hans-Peter Kriegel J\u00f6rg Sander and Xiaowei Xu. 1996. A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In KDD Vol. 96 226\u2013231."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luciano Gattinoni Simone Gattarello Irene Steinberg Mattia Busana Paola Palermo Stefano Lazzari Federica Romitti Michael Quintel Konrad Meissner John J. Marini Davide Chiumello and Luigi Camporota. 2021. COVID-19 pneumonia: Pathophysiology and management. European Respiratory Review 30 162 (2021).","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0138-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1925861.1925870"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigCom51056.2020.00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive & Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Hao W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"W. Hao, D. Zhang, J. Ma, Y. Wang, and X. Bing. 2016. Human respiration detection with commodity WiFi devices: Do user location and body orientation matter?. In Proceedings of the ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive & Ubiquitous Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2989426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0070888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/555620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaolin Huang Yeming Wang Xingwang Li Lili Ren Jianping Zhao Yi Hu Li Zhang Guohui Fan Jiuyang Xu Xiaoying Gu Zhenshun Cheng Ting Yu Jiaan Xia Yuan Wei Wenjuan Wu Xuelei Xie Wen Yin Hui Li Min Liu Yan Xiao Hong Gao Li Guo Jungang Xie Guangfa Wang Rongmeng Jiang Zhancheng Gao Qi Jin Jianwei Wang and Bin Cao. 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China. The Lancet 395 10223 (2020) 497\u2013506.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/segam2016-13858769.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2008.4693985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2749499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2064370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411834"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"DiverSense: Maximizing WiFi sensing range leveraging signal diversity","volume":"6","author":"Li Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Li, Dan Wu, Jie Zhang, Xuhai Xu, Yaxiong Xie, Tao Gu, and Daqing Zhang. 2022. DiverSense: Maximizing WiFi sensing range leveraging signal diversity. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 2 (2022), 1\u201328.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2746285.2746303"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3448092","article-title":"WiPhone: Smartphone-based respiration monitoring using ambient reflected WiFi signals","volume":"5","author":"Liu Jinyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jinyi Liu, Youwei Zeng, Tao Gu, Leye Wang, and Daqing Zhang. 2021. WiPhone: Smartphone-based respiration monitoring using ambient reflected WiFi signals. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, 1 (2021), 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Real-time Systems Symposium","author":"Liu X.","year":"2015","unstructured":"X. Liu, J. Cao, S. Tang, and J. Wen. 2015. Wi-sleep: Contactless sleep monitoring via WiFi signals. In Proceedings of the Real-time Systems Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-1831-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3310194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en8077279"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Analysis of vital signs monitoring using an Ir-UWB radar","volume":"04","author":"Nan R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"R. Nan, X. Quan, and S. H. Cho. 2016. Analysis of vital signs monitoring using an Ir-UWB radar. Journal of Computer & Communications 04, 3 (2016), 95\u2013100.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer & Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2004.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-420PS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Lindsay I. Smith. 2002. A tutorial on principal components analysis. (2002). https:\/\/ourarchive.otago.ac.nz\/bitstream\/handle\/10523\/7534\/OUCS-2002-12.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"Punch! Software. 2019. Common Room Sizes and Square Footage. https:\/\/www.punchsoftware.com\/blog\/post\/common-room-sizes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"tutorialstipscivil.com. 2021. Standard Size of Bedroom Kitchen Toilet & Hall size. Retrieved June 15 2021 from https:\/\/tutorialstipscivil.com\/civil-drawing\/standard-sizes-of-rooms-architects-tips"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xuanzhi Wang Kai Niu Jie Xiong Bochong Qian Zhiyun Yao Tairong Lou and Daqing Zhang. 2022. Placement matters: Understanding the effects of device placement for WiFi sensing. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6 1 (2022). DOI:10.1145\/3517237","DOI":"10.1145\/3517237"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"8.1\u20138.27","article-title":"TensorBeat: Tensor decomposition for monitoring multi-person breathing beats with commodity WiFi","volume":"9","author":"Wang Xuyu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xuyu Wang, Chao Yanc, and Shiwen Mao. 2017. TensorBeat: Tensor decomposition for monitoring multi-person breathing beats with commodity WiFi. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems & Technology 9, 1 (2017), 8.1\u20138.27.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"Wikipedia Contributors. 2023. Principal component analysis \u2014 Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Principal_component_analysis&oldid=1131941485[Online; accessed 7-January-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuefeng Liu Jiannong Cao Shaojie Tang Jiaqi Wen and Peng Guo. 2015. Contactless respiration monitoring via off-the-shelf WiFi devices. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 15 10 (2015) 2466\u20132479.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2015.2504935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3223682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3214289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youwei Zeng Dan Wu Jie Xiong Enze Yi Ruiyang Gao and Daqing Zhang. 2019. FarSense: Pushing the range limit of WiFi-based respiration sensing with CSI ratio of two antennas. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 3 3 (2019) 1\u201326.","DOI":"10.1145\/3351279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560905.3568513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485730.3485932"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3632958","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3632958","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:35:50Z","timestamp":1750178150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3632958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3632958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3632958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}