{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:05:50Z","timestamp":1784091950843,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61702004 and 62072001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702004 and 62072001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IIS-1618669 and CCF-0845257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1618669 and CCF-0845257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Log-structured-merge tree or LSM-tree is a technological underpinning in key-value (KV) stores to support a wide range of performance-critical applications. By conducting data re-organization in the background by virtue of compaction operations, the KV stores have the potential to swiftly service write requests with sequential batched disk writes and read requests for KV items constantly sorted by the compaction. Compaction demands high I\/O bandwidth and CPU speed to facilitate quality service to user read\/write requests. With the emergence of high-speed SSDs, CPUs are increasingly becoming a performance bottleneck. To mitigate the bottleneck limiting the KV-store\u2019s performance and that of the applications supported by the store, we propose a system -\n            <jats:italic>gLSM<\/jats:italic>\n            - to leverage GPGPU to remarkably accelerate the compaction operations. gLSM fully utilizes the parallelism and computational capability inside GPGPUs to improve the compaction performance. We design a driver framework to parallelize compaction operations handled between a pair of CPU and GPGPU. We employ data independence and GPGPU-orient radix-sorting algorithm to concurrently conduct compaction. A key-value separation method is devised to slash the transfer of data volume from CPU-side memory to the GPGPU counterpart. The results reveal that gLSM improves the throughput and compaction bandwidth by up to a factor of 2.9 and 26.0, respectively, compared with the four state-of-the-art KV stores. gLSM also reduces the write latency by 73.3%. gLSM exhibits a performance improvement by up to 45% compared against its variant where there are no KV separation and collaboration sort modules.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3633782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1700825478000},"page":"1-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["gLSM: Using GPGPU to Accelerate Compactions in LSM-tree-based Key-value Stores"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1811-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9731-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6747-214X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0078-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanzhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8417-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinliang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongguancun Laboratory,China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2462-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2254756.2254766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Balmau Oana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oana Balmau, Diego Didona, Rachid Guerraoui, Willy Zwaenepoel, Huapeng Yuan, Aashray Arora, Karan Gupta, and Pavan Konka. 2017. TRIAD: Creating synergies between memory, disk and log in log structured key-value stores. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.363\u2013375."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3064176.3064193"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"2595","article-title":"Adaptive lower-level driven compaction to optimize LSM-tree key-value stores","volume":"34","author":"Chai Yunpeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yunpeng Chai, Yanfeng Chai, Xin Wang, Haocheng Wei, and Yangyang Wang. 2022. Adaptive lower-level driven compaction to optimize LSM-tree key-value stores. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 34, 6 (2022), 2595\u20132609.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Chan Helen H. W.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Helen H. W. Chan, Yongkun Li, Patrick P. C. Lee, and Yinlong Xu. 2018. HashKV: Enabling efficient updates in KV storage via hashing. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.1007\u20131019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2741948.2741973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","article-title":"LevelDB, LevelDB is a fast key-value storage.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Google. 2017. LevelDB, LevelDB is a fast key-value storage. Retrieved March 30, 2023 from https:\/\/github.com\/google\/leveldb","journal-title":"Retrieved March 30, 2023 from"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01542.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPASS.2012.6189209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/664\/9\/092010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3314041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Im Junsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Junsu Im, Jinwook Bae, Chanwoo Chung, Arvind, and Sungjin Lee. 2020. PinK: High-speed in-storage key-value store with bounded tails. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.173\u2013187."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2017.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"993","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Kannan Sudarsun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sudarsun Kannan, Nitish Bhat, Ada Gavrilovska, Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau. 2018. Redesigning LSMs for nonvolatile memory with NoveLSM. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.993\u20131005."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","article-title":"Stress-ng","author":"King Colin Ian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colin Ian King. 2020. Stress-ng. Retrieved March 15, 2023 from https:\/\/github.com\/ColinIanKing\/stress-ng\/.","journal-title":"Retrieved March 15, 2023 from"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508834.2513149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/1920841.1920990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Liang Shengwen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shengwen Liang, Ying Wang, Youyou Lu, Zhe Yang, Huawei Li, and Xiaowei Li. 2019. Cognitive SSD: A deep learning engine for in-storage data retrieval. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.395\u2013410."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies","author":"Lu Lanyue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lanyue Lu, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau. 2016. WiscKey: Separating keys from values in SSD-conscious storage. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies. 133\u2013148."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267809.3267829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","article-title":"Nvidia-smi - NVIDIA System Management Interface program","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nvidia. 2012. Nvidia-smi - NVIDIA System Management Interface program. Retrieved February 13, 2023 from https:\/\/developer.nvidia.com\/nvidia-system-management-interface.","journal-title":"Retrieved February 13, 2023 from"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Nvidia. 2016. Single-pass Parallel Prefix Scan with Decoupled Look-back. Retrieved February 15 2023 from https:\/\/research.nvidia.com\/sites\/default\/files\/pubs\/2016-03_Single-pass-Parallel-Prefix\/nvr-2016-002.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","article-title":"A Faster Radix Sort Implementation","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nvidia. 2020. A Faster Radix Sort Implementation. Retrieved February 20, 2023 from https:\/\/developer.download.nvidia.cn\/video\/gputechconf\/gtc\/2020\/presentations\/s21572-a-faster-radix-sort-implementation.pdf.","journal-title":"Retrieved February 20, 2023 from"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","article-title":"NVIDIA TESLA K80","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nvidia. 2022. NVIDIA TESLA K80. Retrieved February 25, 2023 from https:\/\/www.nvidia.cn\/data-center\/tesla-k80\/","journal-title":"Retrieved February 25, 2023 from"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","article-title":"NVIDIA TESLA P100, The world\u2019s first AI supercomputing data centre GPU","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nvidia. 2022. NVIDIA TESLA P100, The world\u2019s first AI supercomputing data centre GPU. Retrieved March 11, 2023 from https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-us\/data-center\/resources\/pascal-architecture-whitepaper\/.","journal-title":"Retrieved March 11, 2023 from"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10766-016-0472-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies","author":"Shetty Pradeep","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pradeep Shetty, Richard P. Spillane, Ravikant Malpani, Binesh Andrews, Justin Seyster, and Erez Zadok. 2013. Building workload-independent storage with VT-trees. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies. 17\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2451116.2451169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3337821.3337855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Hui Sun Wei Liu Jianzhong Huang and Weisong Shi. 2018. Co-KV: A collaborative key-value store using near-data processing to improve compaction for the LSM-tree. arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.04151 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2873579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE48307.2020.00113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2022.3149003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2591971.2592002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2592798.2592804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2018.8342070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Usenix Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Wu Xingbo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xingbo Wu, Yuehai Xu, Zili Shao, and Song Jiang. 2015. LSM-trie: An LSM-tree-based ultra-large key-value store for small data. In Proceedings of the Usenix Annual Technical Conference.71\u201382."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference","author":"Xia Fei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fei Xia, Dejun Jiang, Jin Xiong, and Ninghui Sun. 2017. HiKV: A hybrid index key-value store for DRAM-NVM memory systems. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 349\u2013362."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"Peng Xu Jiguang Wan Ping Huang Xiaogang Yang Chenlei Tang Fei Wu and Changsheng Xie. 2020. LUDA: Boost LSM key value store compactions with GPUs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.03054 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3139922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Yao Ting","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ting Yao, Yiwen Zhang, Jiguang Wan, Qiu Cui, Liu Tang, Hong Jiang, Changsheng Xie, and Xubin He. 2020. MatrixKV: Reducing write stalls and write amplification in LSM-tree based KV stores with matrix container in NVM. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.17\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2016.2609912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies","author":"Zhang Teng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teng Zhang, Jianying Wang, Xuntao Cheng, Hao Xu, Nanlong Yu, Gui Huang, Tieying Zhang, Dengcheng He, Feifei Li, Wei Cao, Zhongdong Huang, and Jianling Sun. 2020. FPGA-accelerated compactions for LSM-based key-value store. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies. 225\u2013237."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2014.85"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE51399.2021.00125"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3633782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3633782","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3633782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:35:48Z","timestamp":1750178148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3633782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3633782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3633782","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-3093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}