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However, because of the evolving nature of software, some required fields may not be applicable for certain types of users anymore. Nevertheless, they may still be incorrectly marked as required in the form; we call such fields obsolete required fields. Since obsolete required fields usually have \u201cnot-null\u201d validation checks before submitting the form, users have to enter meaningless values in such fields to complete the form submission. These meaningless values threaten the quality of the filled data and could negatively affect stakeholders or learning-based tools that use the data. To avoid users filling meaningless values, existing techniques usually rely on manually written rules to identify the obsolete required fields and relax their completeness requirements. However, these techniques are ineffective and costly.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this article, we propose LACQUER, a learning-based automated approach for relaxing the completeness requirements of data entry forms. LACQUER builds Bayesian Network models to automatically learn conditions under which users had to fill meaningless values. To improve its learning ability, LACQUER identifies the cases where a required field is only applicable for a small group of users and uses SMOTE, an oversampling technique, to generate more instances on such fields for effectively mining dependencies on them. During the data entry session, LACQUER predicts the completeness requirement of a target based on the already filled fields and their conditional dependencies in the trained model.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Our experimental results show that LACQUER can accurately relax the completeness requirements of required fields in data entry forms with precision values ranging between 0.76 and 0.90 on different datasets. LACQUER can prevent users from filling 20% to 64% of meaningless values, with negative predictive values (i.e., the ability to correctly predict a field as \u201coptional\u201d) between 0.72 and 0.91. Furthermore, LACQUER is efficient; it takes at most 839 ms to predict the completeness requirement of an instance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3635708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T12:24:32Z","timestamp":1701865472000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Learning-based Relaxation of Completeness Requirements for Data Entry Forms"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0521-2905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hichem","family":"Belgacem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4854-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Bianculli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1393-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Briand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg and University of Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"790","volume-title":"ISDA\u201910","author":"Albhbah Atia M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atia M. 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