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Recently, NFTs have been gaining popularity and at the same time bringing up issues, such as scams, racism, and sexism. Decentralization, a key attribute of NFT, contributes to some of the issues that are easier to regulate under centralized schemes, which are intentionally left out of the NFT marketplace. In this work, we delved into this centralization-decentralization dilemma in the NFT space through mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. Centralization-decentralization dilemma is the dilemma caused by the conflict between the slogan of decentralization and the interests of stakeholders. We first analyzed over 30,000 NFT-related tweets to obtain a high-level understanding of stakeholders' concerns in the NFT space. We then interviewed 15 NFT stakeholders (both creators and collectors) to obtain their in-depth insights into these concerns and potential solutions. Our findings identify concerning issues among users: financial scams, counterfeit NFTs, hacking, and unethical NFTs. We further reflected on the centralization-decentralization dilemma drawing upon the perspectives of the stakeholders in the interviews. Finally, we gave some inferences to solve the centralization-decentralization dilemma in the NFT market and thought about the future of NFT and decentralization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3637305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:05:31Z","timestamp":1714385131000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["\"Centralized or Decentralized?\": Concerns and Value Judgments of Stakeholders in the Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) Market"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9607-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8192-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bufan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7310-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9388-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyrie Zhixuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ray","family":"LC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Suzhou, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/decrypt.co\/118438\/2022-versus-2021-nft-sales."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/cyberscrilla.com\/the-cost-to-create-an-nft."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/news.artnet.com\/market\/sothebys-is-hosting-its-first-curated-nft-sale-featuring-the-very-first-nft-everminted-1966003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/www.pymnts.com\/nfts\/2022\/nfts-hit-17b-in-trading-in-2021-up-21000\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/nft-sales-are-flatlining-11651552616."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/5dgw9a\/racist-meta-slave-nft-project-rebrands-after-being-called-racist."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/nftnow.com\/features\/nft-marketplaces-are-centralized-and-its-a-real-problem\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/coinmarketcap.com\/alexandria\/glossary\/rug-pull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/nonfungible.com\/news\/corporate\/bad-behaviors-nft-blockchain."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/www.protocol.com\/newsletters\/protocol-fintech\/nft-fees?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. https:\/\/dappgambl.com\/nfts\/dead-nfts\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08944393211008859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Ziqiao Ao Gergely Horvath and Luyao Zhang. 2023. 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