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The approaches are systematically classified into four (4) aspects: energy awareness, concurrent access and duty cycle regulations, routing protocols, and security. The first aspect encompasses parameter selection, distance, and clustering. The second aspect focuses on network segregation and time synchronisation. The third aspect covers proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols. The aspect of security includes privacy and Denial-of-Service (DoS). Findings show a consensus that multi-hop networks and adherence to radio duty cycle are able to lower average power consumption. Concurrent access method can improve network performance, but more research is needed due to different conclusions. Reactive protocols have a slight advantage over proactive protocols in terms of node deployment scalability and lower power consumption due to less frequent routing table updates. Hybrid protocols are only beneficial in specific topology deployments. Security is still a major concern for LoRa networks, particularly on attacks such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), spoofing, wormholes, flooding, packet replay, and information disclosure. The upcoming trend of implementing machine learning algorithms to multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks opens up a wide range of possibilities, ranging from airspace efficiency, efficient route selection, and improving data throughput. A detailed discussion of the aspects\u2019 issues and recommended industry applications that will benefit from multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks are also provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3638241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T12:04:45Z","timestamp":1703073885000},"page":"1-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Multi-Hop and Mesh for LoRa Networks: Recent Advancements, Issues, and Recommended Applications"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3822-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Wei-Loong","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optimisation and Visual Analytics Research Group, Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Labuan International Campus, Labuan 87000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-2519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Say Leng","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optimisation and Visual Analytics Research Group, Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Labuan International Campus, Labuan 87000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Kamrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4377-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salmah","family":"Fattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Labuan 87000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020402"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.2017.1600613"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS54816.2022.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/ijacsa.2019.0101117"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance. 2020. 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