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Among these sensors, cameras have emerged as valuable tools for detecting driver fatigue and distraction. This study introduces HYDE-F, a Head Pose Estimation (HPE) system exclusively utilizing depth cameras. HYDE-F adeptly identifies critical driver head poses associated with risky conditions, thus enhancing the safety of IoT-enabled ADAS. The core of HYDE-F\u2019s innovation lies in its dual-process approach: it employs a fractal encoding technique and keypoint intensity analysis in parallel. These two processes are then fused using an optimization algorithm, enabling HYDE-F to blend the strengths of both methods for enhanced accuracy. Evaluations conducted on a specialized driving dataset, Pandora, demonstrate HYDE-F\u2019s competitive performance compared to existing methods, surpassing current techniques in terms of average Mean Absolute Error (MAE) by nearly 1\n            <jats:sup>\u2218<\/jats:sup>\n            . Moreover, case studies highlight the successful integration of HYDE-F with vehicle sensors. Additionally, HYDE-F exhibits robust generalization capabilities, as evidenced by experiments conducted on standard laboratory-based HPE datasets, i.e., Biwi and ICT-3DHP databases, achieving an average MAE of 4.9\n            <jats:sup>\u2218<\/jats:sup>\n            and 5\n            <jats:sup>\u2218<\/jats:sup>\n            , respectively.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3639367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T21:58:36Z","timestamp":1704232716000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["IoT-enabled Biometric Security: Enhancing Smart Car Safety with Depth-based Head Pose Estimation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1358-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Bisogni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Cascone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Nappi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Pero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Fractals for the Classroom: Strategic Activities Volume One","year":"1991","unstructured":"1991. 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