{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:08:09Z","timestamp":1779358089475,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Luxembourg National Research Fund","award":["16327771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16327771"]}]},{"name":"Proximus Luxembourg SA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The edge to data center computing continuum is the aggregation of computing resources located anywhere between the network edge (e.g., close to 5G antennas), and servers in traditional data centers. Kubernetes is the de facto standard for the orchestration of services in data center environments, where it is very efficient. It, however, fails to give the same performance when including edge resources. At the edge, resources are more limited, and networking conditions are changing over time.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this article, we present a methodology that lowers the costs of running applications in the edge-to-cloud computing continuum. This methodology can adapt to changing environments, e.g., moving end-users. We are also monitoring some Key Performance Indicators of the applications to ensure that cost optimizations do not negatively impact their Quality of Service. In addition, to ensure that performances are optimal even when users are moving, we introduce a background process that periodically checks if a better location is available for the service and, if so, moves the service. To demonstrate the performance of our scheduling approach, we evaluate it using a vehicle cooperative perception use case, a representative 5G application. With this use case, we can demonstrate that our scheduling approach can robustly lower the cost in different scenarios, while other approaches that are already available fail in either being adaptive to changing environments or will have poor cost-effectiveness in some scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3640823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T12:01:17Z","timestamp":1705406477000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cost-aware Service Placement and Scheduling in the Edge-Cloud Continuum"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8357-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Rac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"Brorsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Bloomberg. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/bloomberg\/goldpinger"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Docker. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/www.docker.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2015.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"ETCD. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/etcd.io"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Linux Fondation. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/opencontainers.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3128037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC49033.2022.9700582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Colin Ian King. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/ColinIanKing\/stress-ng"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Kubernetes. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/scheduling-eviction\/scheduling-framework\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Kubernetes. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/reference\/scheduling\/config\/#scheduling-plugins"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2020.3001570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05077-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20984-0_33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid54584.2022.00102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA53618.2021.9685413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051755"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Prometheus. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/prometheus.io\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Prometheus. 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/prometheus\/pushgateway\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UCC56403.2022.00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Samuel Rac and Mats Brorsson. 2021. At the Edge of a Seamless Cloud Experience. arXiv:2111.06157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering.","author":"Rac Samuel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samuel Rac and Mats Brorsson. 2023. Cost-effective scheduling for kubernetes in the edge-to-cloud continuum. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering. IEEE, 153\u2013160."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Samuel Rac Rajarshi Sanyal and Mats Brorsson. 2023. A Cloud-Edge Continuum Experimental Methodology Applied to a 5G Core Study."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-021-09573-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"CoBEVT: Cooperative Bird's Eye View Semantic Segmentation with Sparse Transformers","unstructured":"Runsheng Xu, Zhengzhong Tu, Hao Xiang, Wei Shao, Bolei Zhou, and Jiaqi Ma. 2022. CoBEVT: Cooperative Bird's Eye View Semantic Segmentation with Sparse Transformers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3378447"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3640823","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3640823","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:50:41Z","timestamp":1750287041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3640823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3640823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3640823","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-3566","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-3973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}