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In this paper, we collect N = 25,219 cascades with 65,946 retweets from X (formerly known as Twitter) and classify them as hateful vs. normal. Using a generalized linear regression, we then estimate differences in the spread of hateful vs. normal content based on author and content variables. We thereby identify important determinants that explain differences in the spreading of hateful vs. normal content. For example, hateful content authored by verified users is disproportionally more likely to go viral than hateful content from non-verified ones: hateful content from a verified user (as opposed to normal content) has a 3.5 times larger cascade size, a 3.2 times longer cascade lifetime, and a 1.2 times larger structural virality. Altogether, we offer novel insights into the virality of hate speech on social media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3641025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:05:31Z","timestamp":1714385131000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Virality of Hate Speech on Social Media"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9174-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdurahman","family":"Maarouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Munich &amp; Munich Center for Machine Learning, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Pr\u00f6llochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JLU Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7856-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Feuerriegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Munich &amp; Munich Center for Machine Learning, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2015.57075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuha Albadi Maram Kurdi and Shivakant Mishra. 2019. 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