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Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The widespread deployment of unattended LoRa networks poses a growing need to perform Firmware Updates Over-The-Air (FUOTA). However, the FUOTA specifications dedicated by LoRa Alliance fall short of several deficiencies with respect to energy efficiency, transmission reliability, multicast fairness, and security. This article proposes\n            <jats:italic>FLoRa+<\/jats:italic>\n            , energy-efficient, reliable, beamforming-assisted, and secure FUOTA for LoRa networks, which is featured with several techniques, including delta scripting, channel coding, beamforming, and securing mechanisms. Specifically, we first propose a joint differencing and compression algorithm to generate the delta script for processing gain, which unlocks the potential of incremental FUOTA in LoRa networks. Then, we design a concatenated channel coding scheme with outer rateless code and inner error detection to enable reliable transmission for coding gain. Afterward, we develop a beamforming strategy to avoid biased multicast and compromised throughput for power gain. Finally, we present a securing mechanism incorporating progressive hash chain and packet arrival time pattern verification to countermeasure firmware integrity and availability attacks for security gain. Experimental results on a 20-node testbed demonstrate that\n            <jats:italic>FLoRa+<\/jats:italic>\n            improves transmission reliability and energy efficiency by up to 1.51\u00d7 and 2.65\u00d7 compared with LoRaWAN. Additionally,\n            <jats:italic>FLoRa+<\/jats:italic>\n            can defend against 100% and 85.4% of spoofing and Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3641548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T12:31:07Z","timestamp":1705926667000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["FLoRa+: Energy-efficient, Reliable, Beamforming-assisted, and Secure Over-the-air Firmware Update in LoRa Networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8568-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zehua","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7867-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1632-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1350-6639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weitao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"IEEE WoWMoM","author":"Abdelfadeel Khaled","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khaled Abdelfadeel, Tom Farrell, David McDonald, and Dirk Pesch. 2020. 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