{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:57:36Z","timestamp":1776110256649,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":72,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3641825.3687716","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T04:26:46Z","timestamp":1726979206000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Exploring Presence in Interactions with LLM-Driven NPCs: A Comparative Study of Speech Recognition and Dialogue Options"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7159-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik Roland","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0212-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linus N\u00f8rgaard","family":"Hollensberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9420-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niko Bach","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2321-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian","family":"Julsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design, and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2312-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian Nyborg","family":"Jespersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design, and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4952-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Design, and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"IO\u00a0Interactive A\/S. 2023. HITMAN World of Assassination. [Playstation Store]. https:\/\/store.playstation.com\/da-dk\/product\/EP3969-PPSA01769_00-0000000000000WOA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01710-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Virtual reality: how much immersion is enough?Computer 40, 7","author":"Bowman A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doug\u00a0A Bowman and Ryan\u00a0P McMahan. 2007. Virtual reality: how much immersion is enough?Computer 40, 7 (2007), 36\u201343."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Community. 2023. Voice chat | Phasmophobia Wiki | Fandom. https:\/\/phasmophobia.fandom.com\/wiki\/Voice_chat#Voice_recognition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"International Workshop on Chatbot Research and Design. Springer, 167\u2013184","author":"Cox Samuel\u00a0Rhys","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samuel\u00a0Rhys Cox and Wei\u00a0Tsang Ooi. 2023. Conversational Interactions with NPCs in LLM-Driven Gaming: Guidelines from a Content Analysis of Player Feedback. In International Workshop on Chatbot Research and Design. Springer, 167\u2013184."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Alien: Isolation. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/214490\/Alien_Isolation\/","author":"Creative\u00a0Assembly Feral","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feral Interactive\u00a0(Linux) Creative\u00a0Assembly, Feral Interactive\u00a0(Mac). 2014. Alien: Isolation. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/214490\/Alien_Isolation\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media psychology 19, 2","author":"Cummings J","year":"2016","unstructured":"James\u00a0J Cummings and Jeremy\u00a0N Bailenson. 2016. How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media psychology 19, 2 (2016), 272\u2013309."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Frontier Developments. 2015. Elite Dangerous. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/359320\/Elite_Dangerous\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Sony Interactive\u00a0Entertainment Europe. 2019. Blood & Truth\u2122. [Playstation Store]. https:\/\/store.playstation.com\/da-dk\/product\/EP9000-CUSA11098_00-0000000000000000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Room VR: A Dark Matters. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/1104380\/The_Room_VR_A_Dark_Matter\/","author":"Games Fireproof","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fireproof Games. 2020. The Room VR: A Dark Matters. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/1104380\/The_Room_VR_A_Dark_Matter\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Hello Games. 2016. No Man\u2019s Sky. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/275850\/No_Mans_Sky\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Insomniac Games. 2019. Stormland. [Meta Store]. https:\/\/www.meta.com\/da-dk\/experiences\/pcvr\/1360938750683878\/?utm_source=www.vrgamerankings.com&utm_medium=oculusredirect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Kinetic Games. 2020. Phasmophobia. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/739630\/Phasmophobia\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Ran Gong Qiuyuan Huang Xiaojian Ma Hoi Vo Zane Durante Yusuke Noda Zilong Zheng Song-Chun Zhu Demetri Terzopoulos Li Fei-Fei and Jianfeng Gao. 2023. MindAgent: Emergent Gaming Interaction. arxiv:2309.09971\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.09971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"The role of immersion and narrative in mediated presence: the virtual hospital experience. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking 14, 3","author":"Gorini Alessandra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alessandra Gorini, Claret\u00a0S Capideville, Gianluca De\u00a0Leo, Fabrizia Mantovani, and Giuseppe Riva. 2011. The role of immersion and narrative in mediated presence: the virtual hospital experience. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking 14, 3 (2011), 99\u2013105."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Wijnand\u00a0A IJsselsteijn Yvonne\u00a0AW De\u00a0Kort and Karolien Poels. 2013. The game experience questionnaire. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Vader Immortal: Episode I. [Meta Store]. https:\/\/www.meta.com\/da-dk\/experiences\/2108775495884888\/?utm_source=www.vrgamerankings.com&utm_medium=oculusredirect","author":"LAB.","year":"2019","unstructured":"ILMxLAB. 2019. Vader Immortal: Episode I. [Meta Store]. https:\/\/www.meta.com\/da-dk\/experiences\/2108775495884888\/?utm_source=www.vrgamerankings.com&utm_medium=oculusredirect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Skydance Interactive. 2020. The Walking Dead: Saints & Sinners. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/916840\/The_Walking_Dead_Saints__Sinners\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aiide.v2i1.18757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/6.576007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00073.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Driving generative agents with their personality. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.14879","author":"Klinkert J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lawrence\u00a0J Klinkert, Stephanie Buongiorno, and Corey Clark. 2024. Driving generative agents with their personality. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.14879 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Fear and loathing in VR: the emotional and physiological effects of immersive games. Virtual reality 26, 1","author":"Lemmens S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeroen\u00a0S Lemmens, Monika Simon, and Sindy\u00a0R Sumter. 2022. Fear and loathing in VR: the emotional and physiological effects of immersive games. Virtual reality 26, 1 (2022), 223\u2013234."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pre-trained language models for text generation: A survey","volume":"56","author":"Li Junyi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang, Wayne\u00a0Xin Zhao, Jian-Yun Nie, and Ji-Rong Wen. 2024. Pre-trained language models for text generation: A survey. Comput. Surveys 56, 9 (2024), 1\u201339.","journal-title":"Comput. Surveys"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3443467.3443920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3427669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"CE\u00a0EUROPE LIMITED. 2022. RESIDENT EVIL 7 biohazard. [Playstation Store]. https:\/\/store.playstation.com\/da-dk\/product\/EP0102-PPSA04401_00-BH70000000000001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Firesprite Ltd. 2020. The Persistence. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/1140100\/The_Persistence\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2013.166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Vol.\u00a09392","author":"Mestre R","unstructured":"Daniel\u00a0R Mestre. 2015. On the usefulness of the concept of presence in virtual reality applications, Vol.\u00a09392. SPIE, 93920J\u201393920J\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","first-page":"1321","article-title":"A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays","volume":"77","author":"Milgram Paul","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paul Milgram and Fumio Kishino. 1994. A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems 77, 12 (1994), 1321\u20131329.","journal-title":"IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Response Times: The 3 Important Limits. https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/response-times-3-important-limits\/. Accessed: 2023-12-12.","author":"Nielsen Jakob","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jakob Nielsen. 1993. Response Times: The 3 Important Limits. https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/response-times-3-important-limits\/. Accessed: 2023-12-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17011\/ht\/urn.201611174652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Oculus. n.d.. Voice SDK Overview | Oculus Developers. https:\/\/developer.oculus.com\/documentation\/unity\/voice-sdk-overview\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2022. ChatGPT. https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. Introducing ChatGPT and Whisper APIs. https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/introducing-chatgpt-and-whisper-apis Accessed: 2023-12-07."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Virtual reality in surgical education. Computers in biology and medicine 25, 2","author":"Ota David","year":"1995","unstructured":"David Ota, Bowen Loftin, Tim Saito, Robert Lea, and James Keller. 1995. Virtual reality in surgical education. Computers in biology and medicine 25, 2 (1995), 127\u2013137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Gaming in virtual reality: What changes in terms of usability, emotional response and sense of presence compared to non-immersive video games?Simulation & Gaming 50, 2","author":"Pallavicini Federica","year":"2019","unstructured":"Federica Pallavicini, Alessandro Pepe, and Maria\u00a0Eleonora Minissi. 2019. Gaming in virtual reality: What changes in terms of usability, emotional response and sense of presence compared to non-immersive video games?Simulation & Gaming 50, 2 (2019), 136\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40510-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"FUGA-the fun of gaming: measuring the human experience of media enjoyment. Deliverable D3 3","author":"Poels K","year":"2008","unstructured":"K Poels, Y de Kort, and WA IJsselsteijn. 2008. FUGA-the fun of gaming: measuring the human experience of media enjoyment. Deliverable D3 3 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Polyarc. 2018. Moss. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/846470\/Moss\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Collaborative Quest Completion with LLM-driven Non-Player Characters in Minecraft. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.03460","author":"Rao Sudha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sudha Rao, Weijia Xu, Michael Xu, Jorge Leandro, Ken Lobb, Gabriel DesGarennes, Chris Brockett, and Bill Dolan. 2024. Collaborative Quest Completion with LLM-driven Non-Player Characters in Minecraft. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.03460 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Vertical Robot. 2018. Red Matter. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/966680\/Red_Matter\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"The Use of Virtual Reality in the Study of People\u2019s Responses to Violent Incidents. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 3","author":"Rovira Aitor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aitor Rovira, David Swapp, Bernhard Spanlang, and Mel Slater. 2009. The Use of Virtual Reality in the Study of People\u2019s Responses to Violent Incidents. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 3 (2009), 59\u201359."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Sanzaru. 2019. Asgard\u2019s Wrath. [Meta Store]. https:\/\/meta.com\/da-dk\/experiences\/pcvr\/1180401875303371\/?utm_source=www.vrgamerankings.com&utm_medium=oculusredirect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guilherme Silva and Marcos\u00a0Souza Ribeiro. 2021. Development of Non-Player Character with Believable Behavior: a systematic literature review. In Anais Estendidos do XX Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital (Online). SBC Porto Alegre RS Brasil 319\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5753\/sbgames_estendido.2021.19660","DOI":"10.5753\/sbgames_estendido.2021.19660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"A note on presence terminology. Presence connect 3, 3","author":"Slater Mel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mel Slater. 2003. A note on presence terminology. Presence connect 3, 3 (2003), 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality. The British journal of psychology 109, 3","author":"Slater Mel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mel Slater. 2018. Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality. The British journal of psychology 109, 3 (2018), 431\u2013433."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Effects of system-and media-driven immersive capabilities on presence and affective experience. Virtual Reality","author":"Standen Bradley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bradley Standen, John Anderson, Alexander Sumich, and Nadja Heym. 2023. Effects of system-and media-driven immersive capabilities on presence and affective experience. Virtual Reality (2023), 1\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Bethesda\u00a0Game Studios. 2017. Fallout 4 VR. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/611660\/Fallout_4_VR\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Bethesda\u00a0Game Studios. 2018. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim VR. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/611670\/The_Elder_Scrolls_V_Skyrim_VR\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Nordic Trolls. 2020. Karnage Chronicles. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/611160\/Karnage_Chronicles\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11944577_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Valve. 2020. Half-Life: Alyx. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/546560\/HalfLife_Alyx\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472538.3472595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903498186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3651026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Building LLM-based AI Agents in Social Virtual Reality. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20137.","author":"Wan Hongyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hongyu Wan, Jinda Zhang, Abdulaziz\u00a0Arif Suria, Bingsheng Yao, Dakuo Wang, Yvonne Coady, and Mirjana Prpa. 2024. Building LLM-based AI Agents in Social Virtual Reality. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3545946.3598706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450741.3465251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"The Best VR Games for","author":"Zamora Gabriel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gabriel Zamora. 2024. The Best VR Games for 2024. https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/picks\/the-best-vr-games"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Stress\u00a0Level Zero. 2019. BONEWORKS. [Steam]. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/823500\/BONEWORKS\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3393485"}],"event":{"name":"VRST '24: 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","location":"Trier Germany","acronym":"VRST '24","sponsor":["SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3641825.3687716","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:03:06Z","timestamp":1750291386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3641825.3687716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3641825.3687716","10.1145\/3641825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3641825.3687716","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}