{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:02:13Z","timestamp":1784390533330,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Basic Research Program of the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZR2020ZD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020ZD01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2022QF033, ZR2022LZH005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QF033, ZR2022LZH005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Qingdao Science and Technology Program","award":["22-3-7-CSPZ-2-nsh"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-3-7-CSPZ-2-nsh"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Authenticated Encryption with Associated-Data (AEAD) can ensure both confidentiality and integrity of information in encrypted communication. Distinctive variants are customized from AEAD to satisfy various requirements. In this paper, we take a 128-bit lightweight AEAD stream cipher Fountain as an example. We provide a general cryptographic solution with three Fountain variants. These three variants are for encryption, message authentication code (MAC) generation, and authenticated encryption with associated data, respectively. Besides, we propose area-saved and throughput-improved strategies for the FPGA implementation of Fountain. The conventional paralleled hardware implementation leads to much resource-consuming with higher parallel width. We propose a hybrid architecture with parallel and serial update modes simultaneously. We also analyze the trade-off between area occupation and authentication latency for those two architectures. According to our discussion, hybrid architectures can perform efficiently with higher throughput than most ciphers, including Grain-128 x32. Our Fountain keystream generator occupies 46 slices on Spartan-3 FPGAs, smaller than most ciphers with the same security level, and even smaller than the 80-bit security level cipher Trivium. In summary, the customized Fountain with optimized implementations on FPGA is suitable for various applications in the field of IoT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3643039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1706263369000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Customized FPGA Implementation of Authenticated Lightweight Cipher Fountain for IoT Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2186-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gangqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9322-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongchao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-9495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1319-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Radio Frequency Identification: Security and Privacy Issues: 10th International Workshop, RFIDSec 2014, Oxford, UK, July 21\u201323, 2014, Revised Selected Papers 10","author":"Armknecht Frederik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frederik Armknecht, Matthias Hamann, and Vasily Mikhalev. 2015. 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