{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:05:03Z","timestamp":1780473903768,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology","award":["2021ZD0302900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0302900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"China National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62132018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62132018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62231015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62231015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pioneer and Leading Goose R\\&D Program of Zhejiang","award":["2023C01029,2023C01143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C01029,2023C01143"]}]},{"name":"National Key R\\&D Program of China under Grant","award":["2021ZD0110400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0110400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>WiFi has gradually developed into one of the main candidate technologies for ubiquitous sensing. Based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) WiFi devices, this paper proposes LiquImager, which can simultaneously identify liquid and image container regardless of container shape and position. Since the container size is close to the wavelength, diffraction makes the effect of the liquid on the signal difficult to approximate with a simple geometric model (such as ray tracking). Based on Maxwell's equations, we construct an electric field scattering sensing model. Using few measurements provided by COTS WiFi devices, we solve the scattering model to obtain the medium distribution of the sensing domain, which is used for identifing and imaging liquids. To suppress the signal noise, we propose LiqU-Net for image enhancement. For the centimeter-scale container that is randomly placed in an area of 25 cm \u00d7 25 cm, LiquImager can identify the liquid more than 90% accuracy. In terms of container imaging, LiquImager can accurately find the edge of the container for 4 types of containers with a volume less than 500 ml.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3643509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T13:12:36Z","timestamp":1709730756000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["LiquImager"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9848-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6070-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang-Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China and Deqing Alpha Innovation Institute, Deqing Geographic Information Town, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.6.1.014006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Computational methods for electromagnetic inverse scattering","author":"Chen Xudong","unstructured":"Xudong Chen. 2018. Computational methods for electromagnetic inverse scattering. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3498361.3538936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2004.829847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icdcs.2019.00075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555600"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.4766311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'20)","author":"Ha Unsoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unsoo Ha, Junshan Leng, Alaa Khaddaj, and Fadel Adib. 2020. Food and liquid sensing in practical environments using rfids. In Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'20)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigCom51056.2020.00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.335792"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiming He Xiangyu Zhang Shaoqing Ren and Jian Sun. 2016. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. 770--778. https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_cvpr_2016\/html\/He_Deep_Residual_Learning_CVPR_2016_paper.html","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668332.2668344"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486266"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2928502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1809.10486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.19136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3104666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields","author":"Jin Jian-Ming","unstructured":"Jian-Ming Jin. 2015. Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields. John Wiley & Sons. Google-Books-ID: Q0UxBwAAQBAJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2713099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"The 25th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking. 1--15.","author":"Korany Belal","unstructured":"Belal Korany, Chitra R Karanam, Hong Cai, and Yasamin Mostofi. 2019. XModal-ID: Using WiFi for through-wall person identification from candidate video footage. In The 25th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking. 1--15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458864.3468012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Marhefka","author":"Kraus John Daniel","year":"2002","unstructured":"John Daniel Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka. 2002. Antennas for all applications. https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2002aaa..book.....K Publication Title: Antennas for all applications ADS Bibcode: 2002aaa..book.....K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3478075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2015.2504935"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Electromagnetic waves and antennas","author":"Orfanidis Sophocles J","unstructured":"Sophocles J Orfanidis. 2002. Electromagnetic waves and antennas. Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3514261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3514261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Institute of Electrical, and Electronics Engineers","author":"Peterson Andrew F","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andrew F Peterson, Scott L Ray, Raj Mittra, Institute of Electrical, and Electronics Engineers. 1998. Computational methods for electromagnetics. Vol. 351. IEEE press New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3560540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3569469"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110605543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"OFDM Wireless LANs: A Theoretical and Practical Guide","author":"Terry John","unstructured":"John Terry and Juha Heiskala. 2002. OFDM Wireless LANs: A Theoretical and Practical Guide. Sams Publishing. Google-Books-ID: p_rMm2l237gC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s131013163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2018.8433142"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3117811.3117830"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2869221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3603269.3604817"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2990222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3356250.3360027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Arraytrack: A fine-grained indoor location system. tex.organization: Usenix.","author":"Xiong Jie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jie Xiong and Kyle Jamieson. 2013. Arraytrack: A fine-grained indoor location system. tex.organization: Usenix."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.2995455"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984515"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.384866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3307334.3326078"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shengkai Zhang Gaoyang Liu S Wan et al. 2021. WiImage: Fine-grained Human Imaging from Commodity WiFi. (2021).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-423277\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning. 4100--4109","author":"Zhao Mingmin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mingmin Zhao, Shichao Yue, Dina Katabi, Tommi S Jaakkola, and Matt T Bianchi. 2017. Learning sleep stages from radio signals: A conditional adversarial architecture. In International conference on machine learning. 4100--4109. tex.organization: PMLR."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00889-5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2793222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Applications and Worksharing: 15th EAI International Conference, CollaborateCom 2019, London, UK, August 19-22, 2019, Proceedings 15","author":"Zi Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Zi, Wei Xi, Li Zhu, Fan Yu, Kun Zhao, and Zhi Wang. 2019. Wi-Fi imaging based segmentation and recognition of continuous activity. In Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing: 15th EAI International Conference, CollaborateCom 2019, London, UK, August 19-22, 2019, Proceedings 15. Springer, 623--641."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3643509","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3643509","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T13:01:33Z","timestamp":1755867693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3643509"}},"subtitle":["Fine-grained Liquid Identification and Container Imaging System with COTS WiFi Devices"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3643509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3643509","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}