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The proposed framework leverages an image\u2019s metadata to discover changes in an image. We use a service-oriented approach that considers\n            <jats:italic>discovery of changes in images<\/jats:italic>\n            as a\n            <jats:italic>service<\/jats:italic>\n            . A novel word-embedding-based approach is proposed to discover semantic inconsistencies in an image metadata that are reflective of the changes in an image. These inconsistencies are used to measure the severity of changes. The novelty of the approach resides in that it does not require the use of images to determine the underlying changes. We use a pretrained Word2Vec model to conduct experiments. The model is validated on two different fact-checked image datasets, i.e., images related to general context and a context-specific image dataset. Notably, our findings showcase the remarkable efficacy of our approach, yielding results of up to 80% accuracy. This underscores the potential of our framework.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3645094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T13:51:17Z","timestamp":1707832277000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exif2Vec: A Framework to Ascertain Untrustworthy Crowdsourced Images Using Metadata"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Umair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1254-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athman","family":"Bouguettaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8005-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Lakhdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4035-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mourad","family":"Ouzzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7608-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering","author":"Aamir Tooba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tooba Aamir, Hai Dong, and Athman Bouguettaya. 2018. 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