{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:42:09Z","timestamp":1777599729589,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":48,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3648188.3675135","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T18:22:56Z","timestamp":1724955776000},"page":"246-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigating Characteristics, Biases and Evolution of Fact-Checked Claims on the Web"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1520-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susmita","family":"Gangopadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GESIS- Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6413-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schellhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GESIS- Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1775-8542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim","family":"Hafid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univeristy of Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Dessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GESIS- Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4469-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Ko\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montpellier, France; LIRMM - Laboratoire d'informatique, de robotique et de micro\u00e9lectronique de Montpellier, France and France Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4364-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GESIS- Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften, Germany and Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1476-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajira","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GESIS- Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v15i1.18114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2021.3096038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051231179694"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2019.104123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Emanuel Ben-Baruch Tal Ridnik Nadav Zamir Asaf Noy Itamar Friedman Matan Protter and Lihi Zelnik-Manor. 2020. Asymmetric Loss For Multi-Label Classification. arxiv:2009.14119\u00a0[cs.CV]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-212838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2017.1363657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation","author":"Brennen J\u00a0Scott","unstructured":"J\u00a0Scott Brennen, Felix\u00a0M Simon, Philip\u00a0N Howard, and Rasmus\u00a0Kleis Nielsen. 2020. Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. University of Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Misinformation of COVID-19 on the internet: infodemiology study. JMIR public health and surveillance 6, 2","author":"Cuan-Baltazar Jose\u00a0Yunam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jose\u00a0Yunam Cuan-Baltazar, Maria\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Mu\u00f1oz-Perez, Carolina Robledo-Vega, Maria\u00a0Fernanda P\u00e9rez-Zepeda, and Elena Soto-Vega. 2020. Misinformation of COVID-19 on the internet: infodemiology study. JMIR public health and surveillance 6, 2 (2020), e18444."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Information spread of emergency events: path searching on social networks. The Scientific World Journal 2014","author":"Dai Weihui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weihui Dai, Hongzhi Hu, Tunan Wu, Yonghui Dai, 2014. Information spread of emergency events: path searching on social networks. The Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlad\u00a0Cristian Dumitru and Traian Rebedea. 2021. Topic-based Models with Fact Checking for Fake News Identification.. In RoCHI. 182\u2013190.","DOI":"10.37789\/rochi.2021.1.1.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Are misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories for political extremists?Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, 4","author":"Enders M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adam\u00a0M Enders and Joseph\u00a0E Uscinski. 2021. Are misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories for political extremists?Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, 4 (2021), 583\u2013605."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Fake claims of fake news: Political misinformation, warnings, and the tainted truth effect. Political behavior 43","author":"Freeze Melanie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melanie Freeze, Mary Baumgartner, Peter Bruno, Jacob\u00a0R Gunderson, Joshua Olin, Morgan\u00a0Quinn Ross, and Justine Szafran. 2021. Fake claims of fake news: Political misinformation, warnings, and the tainted truth effect. Political behavior 43 (2021), 1433\u20131465."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"International Workshop on Linked Data-driven Resilience Research, Vol.\u00a03401","author":"Gangopadhyay Susmita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Susmita Gangopadhyay, Katarina Boland, Danilo Dess\u00ed, Stefan Dietze, Pavlos Fafalios, Andon Tchechmedjiev, Konstantin Todorov, and Hajira Jabeen. 2023. Truth or dare: Investigating claims truthfulness with claimskg. In D2R2\u201923-Second International Workshop on Linked Data-driven Resilience Research, Vol.\u00a03401."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7802\/2620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"ISWC 2019 Satellite Tracks-18th International Semantic Web Conference.","author":"Gasquet Malo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malo Gasquet, Darlene Brechtel, Matthaus Zloch, Andon Tchechmedjiev, Katarina Boland, Pavlos Fafalios, Stefan Dietze, and Konstantin Todorov. 2019. Exploring fact-checked claims and their descriptive statistics. In ISWC 2019 Satellite Tracks-18th International Semantic Web Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, 2740\u20132751","author":"Guggilla Chinnappa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chinnappa Guggilla, Tristan Miller, and Iryna Gurevych. 2016. CNN- and LSTM-based Claim Classification in Online User Comments. In Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, 2740\u20132751."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00454"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cognitive research: principles and implications 6, 1","author":"Hassan Aumyo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aumyo Hassan and Sarah\u00a0J Barber. 2021. The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cognitive research: principles and implications 6, 1 (2021), 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 computation+ journalism symposium. Citeseer.","author":"Hassan Naeemul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naeemul Hassan, Bill Adair, James\u00a0T Hamilton, Chengkai Li, Mark Tremayne, Jun Yang, and Cong Yu. 2015. The quest to automate fact-checking. In Proceedings of the 2015 computation+ journalism symposium. Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Debunking false information: investigating journalists","author":"Himma-Kadakas Marju","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marju Himma-Kadakas and Indrek Ojamets. 2022. Debunking false information: investigating journalists\u2019 fact-checking skills. Digital journalism 10, 5 (2022), 866\u2013887."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Matthias Kohring and Fabian Zimmermann. 2018. Fake news and vote choice: A panel survey on the antecedents and consequences of fake news believability in the German parliamentary elections. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1461670X.2022.2069588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Combating misinformation by sharing the truth: a study on the spread of fact-checks on social media. Information systems frontiers 25, 4","author":"Li Jiexun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiexun Li and Xiaohui Chang. 2023. Combating misinformation by sharing the truth: a study on the spread of fact-checks on social media. Information systems frontiers 25, 4 (2023), 1479\u20131493."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/17\/11\/113045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR abs\/1907.11692","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR abs\/1907.11692 (2019). arxiv:1907.11692http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.11692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41290-020-00115-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442442.3458601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2018.1547655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Verification of social impact theory claims in social media context","volume":"17","author":"Mir Imran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imran Mir and Arshad Zaheer. 2012. Verification of social impact theory claims in social media context. Journal of Internet banking and commerce 17, 1 (2012), 1.","journal-title":"Journal of Internet banking and commerce"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Misinformation and disinformation in social media as the pulse of Finnish national security. Social Media and the Armed Forces","author":"Norri-Sederholm Teija","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teija Norri-Sederholm, Elisa Norvanto, Karoliina Talvitie-Lamberg, and Aki-Mauri Huhtinen. 2020. Misinformation and disinformation in social media as the pulse of Finnish national security. Social Media and the Armed Forces (2020), 207\u2013225."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"What the [mask]? making sense of language-specific BERT models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.02912","author":"Nozza Debora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Debora Nozza, Federico Bianchi, and Dirk Hovy. 2020. What the [mask]? making sense of language-specific BERT models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.02912 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"The 7th international student conference on advanced science and technology ICAST, Vol.\u00a04","author":"Rahutomo Faisal","unstructured":"Faisal Rahutomo, Teruaki Kitasuka, Masayoshi Aritsugi, 2012. Semantic cosine similarity. In The 7th international student conference on advanced science and technology ICAST, Vol.\u00a04. University of Seoul South Korea, 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084","author":"Reimers Nils","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nils Reimers and Iryna Gurevych. 2019. Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander S\u00e4ngerlaub. 2020. Fakten versus Fakes: Was Fact-Checking als Ma\u00dfnahme gegen Desinformation leisten kann und was nicht. In Fake News und Desinformation. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG 311\u2013326.","DOI":"10.5771\/9783748901334-311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Assisting the human fact-checkers: Detecting all previously fact-checked claims in a document. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07410","author":"Shaar Shaden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaden Shaar, Nikola Georgiev, Firoj Alam, 2021. Assisting the human fact-checkers: Detecting all previously fact-checked claims in a document. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07410 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Nikolay Babulkov, and Preslav Nakov.","author":"Shaar Shaden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shaden Shaar, Giovanni Da\u00a0San Martino, Nikolay Babulkov, and Preslav Nakov. 2020. That is a known lie: Detecting previously fact-checked claims. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.06058 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3137597.3137600"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings, Part II 18","author":"Tchechmedjiev Andon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andon Tchechmedjiev, Pavlos Fafalios, Katarina Boland, Malo Gasquet, Matth\u00e4us Zloch, Benjamin Zapilko, Stefan Dietze, and Konstantin Todorov. 2019. ClaimsKG: A knowledge graph of fact-checked claims. In The Semantic Web\u2013ISWC 2019: 18th International Semantic Web Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, October 26\u201330, 2019, Proceedings, Part II 18. Springer, 309\u2013324."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Automated fact checking: Task formulations, methods and future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.07687","author":"Thorne James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James Thorne and Andreas Vlachos. 2018. Automated fact checking: Task formulations, methods and future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.07687 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08913811.2013.843872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"The spread of true and false news online. science 359, 6380","author":"Vosoughi Soroush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. science 359, 6380 (2018), 1146\u20131151."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373464.3373475"}],"event":{"name":"HT '24: 35th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media","location":"Poznan Poland","acronym":"HT '24","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 35th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3648188.3675135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3648188.3675135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T15:54:09Z","timestamp":1755878049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3648188.3675135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3648188.3675135","10.1145\/3648188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3648188.3675135","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}