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This production provides livelihoods to millions of Afghans, while also funneling hundreds of millions of dollars to insurgent groups every year, exacerbating corruption and insecurity, and impeding development. Remote sensing and field surveys are currently used in official estimates of total poppy cultivation area. These aggregate estimates are not suited to study the local socioeconomic conditions surrounding cultivation. Few avenues exist to generate comprehensive, fine-grained data under poor security conditions, without the use of costly surveys or data collection efforts. Here, we develop and test a new unsupervised approach to mapping cultivation using only freely available satellite imagery. For districts accounting for over 90% of total cultivation, our aggregate estimates track official statistics closely (correlation coefficient of 0.76 to 0.81). We combine these predictions with other grid-level data sources, finding that areas with poppy cultivation have poorer outcomes such as infant mortality and education, compared to areas with exclusively other agriculture. Surprisingly, poppy-growing areas have better healthcare accessibility. We discuss these findings, the limitations of mapping opium poppy cultivation, and associated ethical concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3648435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T12:32:24Z","timestamp":1708086744000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mapping Opium Poppy Cultivation: Socioeconomic Insights from Satellite Imagery"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0304-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arogya","family":"Koirala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8056-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suraj","family":"R nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao Hui","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Davis, Davis, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"A Land use and Land Cover Classification System for use with Remote Sensor Data","author":"Anderson James Richard","year":"1976","unstructured":"James Richard Anderson. 1976. 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