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Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The increasing prevalence of smart devices spurs the development of emerging indoor localization technologies for supporting diverse personalized applications at home. Given marked drawbacks of popular chirp signal-based approaches, we aim at developing a novel device-free localization system via the continuous wave of the inaudible frequency. To achieve this goal, solutions are developed for fine-grained analyses, able to precisely locate moving human traces in the room-scale environment. In particular, a smart speaker is controlled to emit continuous waves at inaudible\n            <jats:italic>20kHz<\/jats:italic>\n            , with a co-located microphone array to record their Doppler reflections for localization. We first develop solutions to remove potential noises and then propose a novel idea by slicing signals into a set of narrowband signals, each of which is likely to include at most one body segment\u2019s reflection. Different from previous studies, which take original signals themselves as the baseband, our solutions employ the Doppler frequency of a narrowband signal to estimate the velocity first and apply it to get the accurate baseband frequency, which permits a precise phase measurement after I-Q (i.e., in-phase and quadrature) decomposition. A signal model is then developed, able to formulate the phase with body segment\u2019s velocity, range, and angle. We next develop novel solutions to estimate the motion state in each narrowband signal, cluster the motion states for different body segments corresponding to the same person, and locate the moving traces while mitigating multi-path effects. Our system is implemented with commodity devices in room environments for performance evaluation. The experimental results exhibit that our system can conduct effective localization for up to three persons in a room, with the average errors of 7.49\n            <jats:italic>cm<\/jats:italic>\n            for a single person, with 24.06\n            <jats:italic>cm<\/jats:italic>\n            for two persons, with 51.15\n            <jats:italic>cm<\/jats:italic>\n            for three persons.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3649136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T12:29:55Z","timestamp":1708432195000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Room-scale Location Trace Tracking via Continuous Acoustic Waves"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3276-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3775-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3810-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiadong","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-6996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1444-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8357-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nianfeng","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"279","volume-title":"12th  \\(\\lbrace\\) USENIX \\(\\rbrace\\)  Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation","author":"Adib Fadel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fadel Adib, Zachary Kabelac, and Dina Katabi. 2015. 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