{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:28:14Z","timestamp":1783096094565,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":12,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3649476.3660391","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T12:29:41Z","timestamp":1718022581000},"page":"626-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["FFCL: Forward-Forward Net with Cortical Loops, Training and Inference on Edge Without Backpropogation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Karkehabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8904-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houman","family":"Homayoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4052-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avesta","family":"Sasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"With or without you: predictive coding and Bayesian inference in the brain. Current opinion in neurobiology 46","author":"Aitchison Laurence","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laurence Aitchison and M\u00e1t\u00e9 Lengyel. 2017. With or without you: predictive coding and Bayesian inference in the brain. Current opinion in neurobiology 46 (2017), 219\u2013227."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Gradients without backpropagation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.08587","author":"Baydin At\u0131l\u0131m\u00a0G\u00fcne\u015f","year":"2022","unstructured":"At\u0131l\u0131m\u00a0G\u00fcne\u015f Baydin, Barak\u00a0A Pearlmutter, Don Syme, Frank Wood, and Philip Torr. 2022. Gradients without backpropagation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.08587 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 4937\u20134955","author":"Dellaferrera Giorgia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giorgia Dellaferrera and Gabriel Kreiman. 2022. Error-driven input modulation: Solving the credit assignment problem without a backward pass. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 4937\u20134955."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46805-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"The forward-forward algorithm: Some preliminary investigations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.13345","author":"Hinton Geoffrey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geoffrey Hinton. 2022. The forward-forward algorithm: Some preliminary investigations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.13345 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"14122","article-title":"Meta learning backpropagation and improving it","volume":"34","author":"Kirsch Louis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis Kirsch and J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber. 2021. Meta learning backpropagation and improving it. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (2021), 14122\u201314134.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Alex Krizhevsky Geoffrey Hinton 2009. Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images. (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Yann LeCun Corinna Cortes Chris Burges 2010. MNIST handwritten digit database."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0277-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i04.5950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Fashion-mnist: a novel image dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.07747","author":"Xiao Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han Xiao, Kashif Rasul, and Roland Vollgraf. 2017. Fashion-mnist: a novel image dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.07747 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"A critique of pure learning and what artificial neural networks can learn from animal brains. Nature communications 10","author":"Zador M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anthony\u00a0M Zador. 2019. A critique of pure learning and what artificial neural networks can learn from animal brains. Nature communications 10 (2019), 3770."}],"event":{"name":"GLSVLSI '24: Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2024","location":"Clearwater FL USA","acronym":"GLSVLSI '24","sponsor":["SIGDA ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automation"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2024"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3649476.3660391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3649476.3660391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T02:28:46Z","timestamp":1755829726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3649476.3660391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3649476.3660391","10.1145\/3649476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3649476.3660391","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}