{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T18:17:27Z","timestamp":1771957047216,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":28,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3651655.3651660","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T16:13:56Z","timestamp":1716999236000},"page":"12-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["CBDC consensus algorithm design choice"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Tsareva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Business, HSE University, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yash","family":"Madhwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Yanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russia and Faculty of Computer Science, HSE University, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Making Headway-Results of the 2022 BIS Survey on Central Bank Digital Currencies and Crypto,\" BIS Papers","author":"Kosse A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"[1] A. Kosse and I. Mattei, \"Making Headway-Results of the 2022 BIS Survey on Central Bank Digital Currencies and Crypto,\" BIS Papers, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Phase 3,\" Discussion Paper","year":"2023","unstructured":"[2] Sveriges Riksbank, \"E-krona Report: E-krona Pilot, Phase 3,\" Discussion Paper, Apr. 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Bank of Canada","author":"Darbha S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[3] S. Darbha, \"Archetypes for a retail CBDC,\" Discussion Paper No. 2022-14, Bank of Canada, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"CEV Framework: A Central Bank Digital Currency Evaluation and Verification Framework With a Focus on Consensus Algorithms and Operating Architectures,\" IEEE Access","author":"Jin S. Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[4] S. Y. Jin and Y. Xia, \"CEV Framework: A Central Bank Digital Currency Evaluation and Verification Framework With a Focus on Consensus Algorithms and Operating Architectures,\" IEEE Access, Vol. 10, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Blockchain and central bank digital currency,\" ICT Express","author":"Zhang T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[5] T. Zhang and Z. Huang, \"Blockchain and central bank digital currency,\" ICT Express, Vol. 7, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Mar.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[6] Bank of England, \"Central Bank Digital Currency\u2014Opportunities, Challenges and Design,\" Discussion Paper, Mar. 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","author":"Bech M. L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"[7] M. L. Bech and R. Garratt, \"Central Bank cryptocurrencies,\" BIS Quarterly Review, Sep. 2017.","journal-title":"\"Central Bank cryptocurrencies,\" BIS Quarterly Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] O. Bjerg \"Designing new money-the policy trilemma of Central Bank digital currency \" 2017.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2985381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"A High Performance Payment Processing System Designed for Central Bank Digital Currencies,\" Cryptology ePrint Archive","author":"Lovejoy J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[9] J. Lovejoy et al., \"A High Performance Payment Processing System Designed for Central Bank Digital Currencies,\" Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"[10] V. Buterin \"The Meaning of Decentralization \" 2017. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/medium.com\/@VitalikButerin\/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a0c92b76a274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] A. A. Rahman \"A Decentralized Central Bank Digital Currency \" GCI Working Paper No. 1-2022 2022.","DOI":"10.5089\/9798400200861.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] U. Bindseil \"Tiered CBDC and the financial system \" European Central Bank Working Paper 2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3513422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Byzantine fault tolerant protocol for blockchains,\" Bitfury","author":"Ivashchenko I.","year":"2018","unstructured":"[13] Y.Yanovich, I. Ivashchenko, A. Ostrovsky, A. Shevchenko, A. Sidorov, \"Exonum: Byzantine fault tolerant protocol for blockchains,\" Bitfury, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"scaling, oracles and privacy preserving,\" XVI International Symposium \"Problems of Redundancy in Information and Control Systems\" (REDUNDANCY)","author":"Kruglik S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"[14] S. Kruglik, K. Nazirkhanova, Y. Yanovich, \"Challenges beyond blockchain: scaling, oracles and privacy preserving,\" XVI International Symposium \"Problems of Redundancy in Information and Control Systems\" (REDUNDANCY), 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Analysis and Applications,\" Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT","author":"Garay J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"[15] J. Garay, A. Kiayias, N. Leonardos, \"The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol: Analysis and Applications,\" Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3559368"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1460","volume":"12","author":"Liu J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"[17] J. Liu, W. Feng, Y. Zhang and F. He, \"Improvement of PBFT Algorithm Based on CART,\" in Electronics, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1460, 2023.","journal-title":"\"Improvement of PBFT Algorithm Based on CART,\" in Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"A Primer for Supervisors,\" IMF Fintech Note 22\/03","author":"Parma B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[18] B. Parma, \"Blockchain Consensus mechanisms: A Primer for Supervisors,\" IMF Fintech Note 22\/03, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"[19] R. Marquez \"Kaspa (KAS) Takes Altcoin Market By Storm With 60% Growth \" NewsBTC June 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.newsbtc.com\/altcoin\/kaspa-kas-takes-altcoin-market-by-storm-with-60-growth\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Are Blockchains Decentralized? Unintended Centralities in Distributed Ledgers,\" Trail of Bits","author":"Sultanik E.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[20] E. Sultanik et al., \"Are Blockchains Decentralized? Unintended Centralities in Distributed Ledgers,\" Trail of Bits, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"173","volume":"99","author":"Castro M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"[21] M. Castro and B. Liskov, \"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance,\" in OsDI, vol. 99, no. 1999, pp. 173-186, 1999.","journal-title":"\"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance,\" in OsDI"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Sep.","author":"Hayward A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[23] A. Hayward, \"Ethereum Energy Usage, Carbon Footprint Down 99.99% After Merge: Report,\" Decrypt, Sep. 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/decrypt.co\/109848\/ethereum-energy-carbon-footprint-down-99-percent-merge"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"[24] N. Grossman \"Algorand Boosts Performance 5x in Latest Upgrade \" September 15 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/developer.algorand.org\/articles\/algorand-boosts-performance-5x-in-latest-upgrade\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDH.2018.00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"[26] Sui Foundation \"Sui Performance Update \" Apr 27 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/blog.sui.io\/sui-performance-update\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"[27] National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) \"Analytical Report on the Ehryvnia Pilot Project \" Feb. 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Available: https:\/\/docs.r3.com\/en\/platform\/corda\/4.10\/enterprise\/notary\/ha-notary-service-overview.html. [Accessed","year":"2023","unstructured":"[28] R3, \"Notary service overview - Enterprise 4.10,\" [Online]. Available: https:\/\/docs.r3.com\/en\/platform\/corda\/4.10\/enterprise\/notary\/ha-notary-service-overview.html. [Accessed: June 18, 2023]."}],"event":{"name":"ICBTA 2023: 2023 6th International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Applications","location":"Xi'an China","acronym":"ICBTA 2023"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2023 6th International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Applications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3651655.3651660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3651655.3651660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T18:12:32Z","timestamp":1755972752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3651655.3651660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3651655.3651660","10.1145\/3651655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3651655.3651660","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}