{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T03:34:30Z","timestamp":1776569670597,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":35,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3651781.3651784","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:41:25Z","timestamp":1717065685000},"page":"12-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Machine Learning and Internet of Things Based Real Time NPK Fertilizer Prediction for Cassava Crop in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2510-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alphonse","family":"MUNEZERO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5687-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"UWITONZE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6160-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayavel","family":"KAYALVIZHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Creative Computing Institute, University of Arts London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6288-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudien","family":"MANIRIHO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Rwanda Polytechnic-IPRC Tumba, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0187-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janvier","family":"NIYITEGEKA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science, Rwanda Information Society Authority, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5665-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philbert","family":"NDORIMANA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"College of Science and Technology","author":"This work was supported by the African Center of Excellence in Internet of Things (ACEIoT)","unstructured":"This work was supported by the African Center of Excellence in Internet of Things (ACEIoT), College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"REFERENCES"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Real Time soil fertility analyzer and crop prediction","volume":"4","author":"Vadalia D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Vadalia, M. Vaity, K. Tawate, D. Kapse, S. V. Sem, and C. Engg,\u201cReal Time soil fertility analyzer and crop prediction,\u201d Int. Res. J. Eng.Technol., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 3\u20135, 2017.","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng.Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","first-page":"3062","volume-title":"2017 Int. Conf. Energy, Commun. Data Anal. Soft Comput","author":"Shylaja S. N.","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. N. Shylaja, \u201cReal- T ime Monitoring of Soil Nutrient Analysis u sing WSN,\u201d 2017 Int. Conf. Energy, Commun. Data Anal. Soft Comput, pp. 3059\u20133062, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCTFC.2016.7893418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HNICEM.2017.8269472"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","first-page":"638","article-title":"N , P , K Detection & Control for Agriculture Applications using PIC Controller: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Gavade L. C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"L. C. Gavade and A. Bhoi, \u201cN , P , K Detection & Control for Agriculture Applications using PIC Controller: A Review,\u201d Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., vol. 6, no. 04, pp. 638\u2013641, 2017..","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICI.2009.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Why Python is the most popular language used for Machine Learning","author":"Patel Prince","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prince Patel, \u201cWhy Python is the most popular language used for Machine Learning,\u201d 2018. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/medium.com\/@UdacityINDIA\/why-use-python-for-machine learning-e4b0b4457a77. [Accessed: 20-Mar-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Why is Python Used for Machine Learning?","author":"Gupta N.","year":"2019","unstructured":"N. Gupta, \u201cWhy is Python Used for Machine Learning?\u201d 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/why-python-used-for-machinelearning-u13f922ug. [Accessed: 20-Mar-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"A. Beklemysheva \u201cWhy Use Python for AI and Machine Learning.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/steelkiwi.com\/blog\/python-for-ai-andmachine-learning\/. [Accessed: 20-Mar-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"February","author":"Ramane D. V","year":"2015","unstructured":"D. V Ramane, S. S. Patil, and A. D. Shaligram, \u201cDetection of NPK nutrients of soil using Fiber Optic Sensor,\u201d Int. J. Res. Advent Technol. ACGT, no. February, pp. 13\u201314, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTKE.2017.8259629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"60","volume-title":"\/,7(5$785( 6859(\u00a1","author":"Angra A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Angra, Sheena; Sachin, \u201c,, \/,7(5$785( 6859(\u00a1,\u201d pp. 57\u201360, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSE.2016.7823953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIC.2015.7150934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Gradient Boosting Classifiers in Python with Scikit-Learn","author":"Nelson D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"D. Nelson, \u201cGradient Boosting Classifiers in Python with Scikit-Learn,\u201d 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/stackabuse.com\/gradient-boosting-classifiers-in-python-with-scikit- learn\/. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Gradient Boosting In Classification: Not a Black Box Anymore!","author":"V.","year":"2022","unstructured":"V. KURAMA, \u201cGradient Boosting In Classification: Not a Black Box Anymore!,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/blog.paperspace.com\/gradient-boosting-for-classification\/. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"J. F. Figueroa H. R. B. Everett S. S. Ipson and C. Liu \u201cSensors and Actuators 16.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"DS18B20 Waterproof Temperature Sensor Cable","author":"Description P.","unstructured":"P. Description, \u201cDS18B20 Waterproof Temperature Sensor Cable,\u201d pp. 0\u20132."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"pH Sensor","author":"O. C.","unstructured":"O. C. Ph-bta, \u201cpH Sensor,\u201d pp. 3\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Industry IoT Gateway for Cloud Connectivity Industry IoT Gateway for Cloud Connectivity","author":"Zolotov\u00e1 I.","year":"2015","unstructured":"I. Zolotov\u00e1, M. Bundzel, and T. Lojka, \u201cIndustry IoT Gateway for Cloud Connectivity Industry IoT Gateway for Cloud Connectivity,\u201d no. September, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"ESP8266 NodeMCU pinout for Arduino IDE","author":"Bonilla Javier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Javier Bonilla, \u201cESP8266 NodeMCU pinout for Arduino IDE,\u201d 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/mechatronicsblog.com\/esp8266-nodemcu-pinout-for-arduino-ide\/[Accessed: 11-Oct-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Cloud computing basics","author":"Jagirdar S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"S. Jagirdar, \u201cCloud computing basics,\u201d no. August 2013, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Logistic Regression in Python","author":"Stojiljkovi\u0107 M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Stojiljkovi\u0107, \u201cLogistic Regression in Python,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/realpython.com\/logistic-regression-python\/ [Accessed: 04-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Decision Tree regression","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scikit-learn, \u201cDecision Tree regression,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/scikit-learn.org\/stable\/modules\/tree.html#mathematical-formulation. [Accessed: 08-Oct-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Random Forest classifier","author":"Camp D","year":"2022","unstructured":"D ataCamp.com, \u201cRandom Forest classifier,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.datacamp.com\/community\/tutorials\/random-forests-classifier-python. [Accessed: 10-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Gradient Boosting Classifiers in Python with Scikit-Learn","author":"Nelson D.","year":"2022","unstructured":"D. Nelson, \u201cGradient Boosting Classifiers in Python with Scikit-Learn,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/stackabuse.com\/gradient-boosting-classifiers-in-python-with-scikit- learn\/. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Gradient Boosting In Classification: Not a Black Box Anymore!","author":"V.","year":"2022","unstructured":"V. KURAMA, \u201cGradient Boosting In Classification: Not a Black Box Anymore!,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/blog.paperspace.com\/gradient-boosting-for-classification\/. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Develop k-Nearest Neighbors in Python From Scratch","author":"Brownlee J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Brownlee, \u201cDevelop k-Nearest Neighbors in Python From Scratch,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available:https:\/\/machinelearningmastery.com\/tutorial-to-implement-k-nearest- neighbors-in-python-from-scratch\/. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"How to Calculate Euclidean Distance","author":"Robinson A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Robinson, \u201cHow to Calculate Euclidean Distance,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/sciencing.com\/how-to-calculate-euclidean-distance-12751761.html. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Model evaluation metrics in ML","author":"Nagesh Singh Chauhan D. S. E.","year":"2022","unstructured":"D. S. E. Nagesh Singh Chauhan, \u201cModel evaluation metrics in ML,\u201d 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.kdnuggets.com\/2020\/05\/model-evaluation-metrics-machine-learning.html. [Accessed: 18-Nov-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2011.0740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GreenCom-iThings-CPSCom.2013.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2786984.27"}],"event":{"name":"ICSCA 2024: 2024 13th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications","location":"Bali Island Indonesia","acronym":"ICSCA 2024"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2024 13th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3651781.3651784","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3651781.3651784","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T19:33:08Z","timestamp":1755891188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3651781.3651784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3651781.3651784","10.1145\/3651781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3651781.3651784","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}