{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:37:59Z","timestamp":1782833879475,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":64,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3651890.3672257","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T13:11:43Z","timestamp":1722431503000},"page":"938-953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Decentralized SDN Architecture for the WAN"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2728-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Krentsel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Research Group, Google, Mountain View, California, USA"},{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5968-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitika","family":"Saran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5337-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bikash","family":"Koley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9175-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhasree","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3520-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0524-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Ratnasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Research Group, Google, Mountain View, California, USA"},{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6729-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Shabibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anees","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, California, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2528-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-8101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankit","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6361-7687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakim","family":"Weatherspoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell, Ithaca, New York, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC4090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC3209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1558977.1559000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2620728.2620744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC2205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC1195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Wen Bo Li, et al","author":"Lebsack Carl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carl Lebsack, Marcus Hines, Paul Borman, Anees Shaikh, Rob Shakir, Wen Bo Li, et al. 2018. gNMI - gRPC Network Management Interface. https:\/\/github.com\/openconfig\/reference\/blob\/master\/rpc\/gnmi\/gnmi-specification.md. (Jun 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'08)","author":"Chun Byung-Gon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Byung-Gon Chun, Sylvia Ratnasamy, and Eddie Kohler. 2008. NetComplex: A Complexity Metric for Networked System Designs. In Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'08). USENIX Association, USA, 393--406."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3603269.3604860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2602204.2602219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"18th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 21)","author":"Ferguson Andrew D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrew D. Ferguson, Steve Gribble, Chi-Yao Hong, Charles Killian, Waqar Mohsin, Henrik Muehe, Joon Ong, Leon Poutievski, Arjun Singh, Lorenzo Vicisano, Richard Alimi, Shawn Shuoshuo Chen, Mike Conley, Subhasree Mandal, Karthik Nagaraj, Kondapa Naidu Bollineni, Amr Sabaa, Shidong Zhang, Min Zhu, and Amin Vahdat. 2021. Orion: Google's Software-Defined Networking Control Plane. In 18th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 21). USENIX Association, 83--98. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi21\/presentation\/ferguson"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Building Express Backbone: Facebook's new long-haul network. Engineering at Meta (May","author":"Fernandez Mikel Jimenez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mikel Jimenez Fernandez and Henry Kwok. 2017. Building Express Backbone: Facebook's new long-haul network. Engineering at Meta (May 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Azure Outage Disconnects Thousands. https:\/\/techhq.com\/2023\/01\/azure-outage-disconnects-thousands. (Jan","author":"Fyler Tony","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tony Fyler. 2023. Azure Outage Disconnects Thousands. https:\/\/techhq.com\/2023\/01\/azure-outage-disconnects-thousands. (Jan. 2023). Accessed: 2024-1-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592568.1592583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CITS.2017.8035305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2001.992760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/316194.316231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Open Routing for Modern Networks. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/2017\/11\/15\/connectivity\/open-r-open-routing-for-modern-networks\/. Engineering at Meta (Nov","author":"Hasan Saif","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saif Hasan, Petr Lapukhov, Anuj Madan, and Omar Baldonado. 2017. Open\/R: Open Routing for Modern Networks. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/2017\/11\/15\/connectivity\/open-r-open-routing-for-modern-networks\/. Engineering at Meta (Nov. 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'11)","author":"Hindman Benjamin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benjamin Hindman, Andy Konwinski, Matei Zaharia, Ali Ghodsi, Anthony D. Joseph, Randy Katz, Scott Shenker, and Ion Stoica. 2011. Mesos: a platform for fine-grained resource sharing in the data center. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'11). USENIX Association, USA, 295--308."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2486019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Details About The October 4 Outage. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/2021\/10\/05\/networking-traffic\/outage-details\/. Engineering at Meta (Oct","author":"Janardhan Santosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santosh Janardhan. 2021. Details About The October 4 Outage. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/2021\/10\/05\/networking-traffic\/outage-details\/. Engineering at Meta (Oct. 2021). Accessed: 2024-1-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Juniper. 2021. Running Third-Party Applications in Containers. In Introducing Junos OS Evolved. Juniper 84--88."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.111002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23)","author":"Krishnaswamy Umesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umesh Krishnaswamy, Rachee Singh, Paul Mattes, Paul-Andre C Bissonnette, Nikolaj Bj\u00f8rner, Zahira Nasrin, Sonal Kothari, Prabhakar Reddy, John Abeln, Srikanth Kandula, Himanshu Raj, Luis Irun-Briz, Jamie Gaudette, and Erica Lan. 2023. OneWAN is better than two: Unifying a split WAN architecture. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23). USENIX Association, Boston, MA, 515--529. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi23\/presentation\/krishnaswamy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3232755.3232781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/90.929852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1282427.1282408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"IBM Cloud suffers prolonged outage. TechCrunch (June","author":"Lardinois Frederic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frederic Lardinois. 2020. IBM Cloud suffers prolonged outage. TechCrunch (June 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"SoNIC: Precise Realtime Software Access and Control of Wired Networks. NSDI (April","author":"Lee Ki Suh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ki Suh Lee, Han Wang, and Hakim Weatherspoon. 2013. SoNIC: Precise Realtime Software Access and Control of Wired Networks. NSDI (April 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC5305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Marcus Hines Rob Shakir Sam Ribeiro Eric Breverman et al. 2018. gNOI - gRPC Network Operations Interface. https:\/\/github.com\/openconfig\/gnoi. (Dec 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1355734.1355746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2600239.2600241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 USENIX Conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC'14). USENIX Association, USA, 305--320","author":"Ongaro Diego","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout. 2014. In search of an understandable consensus algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2014 USENIX Conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC'14). USENIX Association, USA, 305--320."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"OpenConfig Project. 2015. OpenConfig. https:\/\/www.openconfig.net\/. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028788.1028808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2004.1354652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Chetan Patel. 2022. MPLS 12-Label Push. Technical Report. Arista."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2068816.2068859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23)","author":"Perry Yarin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yarin Perry, Felipe Vieira Frujeri, Chaim Hoch, Srikanth Kandula, Ishai Menache, Michael Schapira, and Aviv Tamar. 2023. {DOTE}: Rethinking (Predictive) {WAN} Traffic Engineering. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23). 1557--1581."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-WC.2008.070511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Rob Shakir Xiao Wang Nathaniel Flath et al. 2017. gRIBI - gRPC Routing Information Base Interface. https:\/\/github.com\/openconfig\/gribi. (jul 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/637201.637213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/948205.948237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Path Computation Element","author":"Scudder Julien Meuric","year":"2023","unstructured":"Julien Meuric Scudder, Dhruv Dhody. 2023. Path Computation Element (PCE) Working Group Charter. (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC5306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sapm1949281148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"AWS runs into IT Problems. https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2021\/12\/15\/aws_down. (Dec","author":"Speed Richard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richard Speed. 2021. AWS runs into IT Problems. https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2021\/12\/15\/aws_down. (Dec. 2021). Accessed: 2024-1-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2005.845549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Twine: A Unified Cluster Management System for Shared Infrastructure. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20)","author":"Tang Chunqiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chunqiang Tang, Kenny Yu, Kaushik Veeraraghavan, Jonathan Kaldor, Scott Michelson, Thawan Kooburat, Aravind Anbudurai, Matthew Clark, Kabir Gogia, Long Cheng, Ben Christensen, Alex Gartrell, Maxim Khutornenko, Sachin Kulkarni, Marcin Pawlowski, Tuomas Pelkonen, Andre Rodrigues, Rounak Tibrewal, Vaishnavi Venkatesan, and Peter Zhang. 2020. Twine: A Unified Cluster Management System for Shared Infrastructure. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20). USENIX Association, 787--803. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi20\/presentation\/tang"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"The gRPC Authors. 2016. gRPC. https:\/\/grpc.io\/. (2016). Accessed: 2024-1-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"The Kubernetes Authors. 2015. Production-Grade Container Orchestration. https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Paul Tune and Matthew Roughan. 2013. Internet Traffic Matrices: A Primer. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Persistent route oscillations in inter-domain routing. Computer networks 32, 1","author":"Varadhan Kannan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kannan Varadhan, Ramesh Govindan, and Deborah Estrin. 2000. Persistent route oscillations in inter-domain routing. Computer networks 32, 1 (2000), 1--16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2741948.2741964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Docker Inside Cisco Catalyst 9000 Switches. https:\/\/blogs.cisco.com\/networking\/application-hosting-on-catalyst-9000-series-switches. (June","author":"Vetteth Anoop","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anoop Vetteth. 2019. Docker Inside Cisco Catalyst 9000 Switches. https:\/\/blogs.cisco.com\/networking\/application-hosting-on-catalyst-9000-series-switches. (June 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"The Catch-22 that Broke the Internet. https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2019\/06\/the-catch-22-that-broke-the-internet\/. (June","author":"WIRED.","year":"2019","unstructured":"WIRED. 2019. The Catch-22 that Broke the Internet. https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2019\/06\/the-catch-22-that-broke-the-internet\/. (June 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Hashing Design in Modern Networks: Challenges and Mitigation Techniques. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22)","author":"Xu Yunhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yunhong Xu, Keqiang He, Rui Wang, Minlan Yu, Nick Duffield, Hassan Wassel, Shidong Zhang, Leon Poutievski, Junlan Zhou, and Amin Vahdat. 2022. Hashing Design in Modern Networks: Challenges and Mitigation Techniques. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22). 805--818."}],"event":{"name":"ACM SIGCOMM '24: ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference","location":"Sydney NSW Australia","acronym":"ACM SIGCOMM '24","sponsor":["SIGCOMM ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3651890.3672257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3651890.3672257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:49:13Z","timestamp":1750268953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3651890.3672257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3651890.3672257","10.1145\/3651890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3651890.3672257","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}