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Even though its appellation may refer to a morphable physical material, programmable matter has been represented through several approaches from different perspectives (e.g., robots, smart materials) that seek the same objective: controllable behavior such as smart shape alteration. Researchers, engineers, and artists have expressed interest in the development of smart modeling clay as a novel alternative to conventional matter and classical means of prototyping. Henceforth, users will be able to do\/undo\/redo forms based on computed data (CAD) or interactions (sensors), which will help them unlock more features and increase the usefulness of their products. However, with such a promising technology, many challenges need to be addressed, as programmable matter relies on energy consumption, data transmission, stimuli control, and shape formation mechanisms. Furthermore, numerous devices and technologies are created under the name of programmable matter, which may pose ambiguity to the control strategies. In this study, we determine the basic operations required to form a shape, then review different realizations using the shape shifting ability of programmable matter and their fitting classifications, and finally discuss potential challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3653671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T12:13:45Z","timestamp":1711455225000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["From Conventional to Programmable Matter Systems: A Review of Design, Materials, and Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Amine","family":"Chafik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FEMTO-ST UMR CNRS 6174, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, Montb\u00e9liard, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaafar","family":"Gaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEMTO-ST UMR CNRS 6174, Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Belfort-Montb\u00e9liard, Belfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3664-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souad","family":"Tayane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Cyber Physical Systems, ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan 2 University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5353-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ennaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Cyber Physical Systems, ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan 2 University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco and The UM6P Vanguard Center, Universit\u00e9 Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Benguerir, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEMTO-ST UMR CNRS 6174, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, Montb\u00e9liard, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9687-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek El","family":"Ghazawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Smart Materials and Technologies for the Architecture and Design Professions","author":"Addington D. 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