{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T20:40:01Z","timestamp":1755981601529,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies showed that 61% of the elderly in Singapore are English illiterate, and it is essential to find alternatives for non-English literate patients who have literacy in the next most common language, Mandarin. Many eye typing solutions use Mandarin hanyu pinyin, a phonetic system similar to eye typing in the English language. However, most Mandarin-speaking elderly in Singapore are not familiar with Mandarin hanyu pinyin despite being able to read and write Mandarin characters, which makes eye typing redundant. We propose Eye Strokes, a technique to capture eye gaze, as an input modality to identify Mandarin characters for motor neurone disease patients to communicate. This method uses the eye gaze as strokes in a Mandarin character to predict and identify the Mandarin word the user intends to communicate. The proof-of-ideation evaluation discussed in the paper shows that our technique is feasible with promising character prediction accuracy for further investigations, although some limitations exist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3654702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T15:53:05Z","timestamp":1715961185000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eye Strokes: An Eye-gaze Drawing System for Mandarin Characters"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6486-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek C.W.","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3794-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuet Ying","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5529-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Q.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1743666.1743742"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028630.1028647"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Mohamed Ali Mahjoub, and Najoua Essoukri Ben Amara","author":"Jayech Khaoula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khaoula Jayech, Mohamed Ali Mahjoub, and Najoua Essoukri Ben Amara. 2016. Arabic handwritten word recognition based on dynamic bayesian network. Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol. 13.6B (2016), 1024--1031."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168604"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icdar.2011.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2838739.2838804"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78199-8_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/507072.507076"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191729"},{"volume-title":"d.]. Motor Neuron Diseases Fact Sheet - National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/health-information\/disorders\/motor-neuron-diseases\/ (Last accessed","year":"2023","key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Nih.gov. [n. d.]. Motor Neuron Diseases Fact Sheet - National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/health-information\/disorders\/motor-neuron-diseases\/ (Last accessed Jul. 02, 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2010105819899126"},{"volume-title":"What is the 80\/20 Rule in Machine Learning? https:\/\/www.techmediatoday.com\/what-is-the-80-20-rule-in-machine-learning\/ (Last accessed","year":"2023","key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"TechMediaToday. 2023. What is the 80\/20 Rule in Machine Learning? https:\/\/www.techmediatoday.com\/what-is-the-80-20-rule-in-machine-learning\/ (Last accessed Jul. 02, 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1743666.1743738"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Tobii Dynavox US. [n. d.]. How far away should my eyes be from the PCEye 5 when using the device or calibrating? https:\/\/us.tobiidynavox.com\/blogs\/support-articles\/how-far-away-should-my-eyes-be-from-the-pceye-5-when-using-the-device-or-calibrating (Last accessed Jul. 02 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"J. Zou J. Zhang and L. Wang. 2019. Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition by Convolutional Neural Network and Similarity Ranking. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/335565054_Handwritten_Chinese_Character_Recognition_by_Convolutional_Neural_Network_and_Similarity_Ranking (Last accessed Jul. 02 2023)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3654702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3654702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T20:12:55Z","timestamp":1755979975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3654702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3654702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3654702","relation":{},"ISSN":["2577-6193"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2577-6193"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}