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Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The network architecture that Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is used as the backbone network and the Controller Area Network (CAN) serves as the intra-domain network is considered as the CAN-TSN interconnection network architecture, which has gained considerable attention within industrial embedded networks, such as spacecraft, intelligent automobiles, and factory automation. The architecture employs the CAN-TSN gateway as a central hub for transmitting and managing a significant volume of communications between the CAN domains and TSN. However, the CAN-TSN gateway faces a high congestion challenge due to the rapid growth in data volume, making it difficult to effectively support different time planning mechanisms provided by TSN. In this article, we propose a two-stage mixed-criticality traffic scheduler. The scheduler in the first stage adopts a Message Optimization Algorithm\u00a0(MOA) to aggregate multiple CAN messages into a single TSN message (including the aggregation of critical and non-critical CAN messages), which reduces the number of CAN messages requiring transmission. In the second stage, the scheduler proposes a Message Scheduling Optimization Algorithm\u00a0(MSOA) to schedule critical TSN messages. This algorithm reassembles all the critical CAN messages (within the un-schedulable TSN messages) to generate new TSN messages for rescheduling. Experimental results show that our proposed scheduler effectively improves the acceptance ratio of critical and non-critical CAN messages and outperforms the state-of-the-art message scheduling method in terms of acceptance ratio while improving the bandwidth utilization and the number of schedule table entries. We further construct a hardware platform to evaluate the performance of MSOA. The consistency between practical results and theoretical results shows the effectiveness of MSOA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3656173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T12:18:36Z","timestamp":1712233116000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Mixed-Criticality Traffic Scheduler with Mitigating Congestion for CAN-to-TSN Gateway"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-6769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyan","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China, Changsha, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8987-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China, Changsha, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China, Changsha, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renfa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China, Changsha, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6625-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China, Changsha, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"IEEE 802.1Qbu-2016. 2016. 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