{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:42:01Z","timestamp":1776886921722,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs, the National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development, and the Christian Doppler Research Association"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>HTTP Adaptive Streaming<\/jats:italic>\n            (HAS) solutions utilize various Adaptive BitRate (ABR) algorithms to dynamically select appropriate video representations, aiming at adapting to fluctuations in network bandwidth. However, current ABR implementations have a limitation in that they are designed to function with one set of video representations, i.e., the bitrate ladder, which differ in bitrate and resolution, but are encoded with the same video codec. When multiple codecs are available, current ABR algorithms select one of them prior to the streaming session and stick to it throughout the entire streaming session. Although newer codecs are generally preferred over older ones, their compression efficiencies differ depending on the content\u2019s complexity\n            <jats:styled-content style=\"color:#000000\">, which varies over time. Therefore,<\/jats:styled-content>\n            it is necessary to select the appropriate codec for each video segment to reduce the requested data while delivering the highest possible quality.\n            <jats:styled-content style=\"color:#000000\">In this article, we first provide a practical example where we compare compression efficiencies of different codecs on a set of video sequences. Based on this analysis, we formulate the optimization problem of selecting the appropriate codec for each user and video segment (on a per-segment basis in the outmost case), refining the selection of the ABR algorithms by exploiting key metrics, such as the perceived segment quality and size. Subsequently, to address the scalability issues of this centralized model, we introduce a novel distributed plug-in ABR algorithm for Video on Demand (VoD) applications called MEDUSA to be deployed on top of existing ABR algorithms. MEDUSA<\/jats:styled-content>\n            enhances the user\u2019s Quality of Experience (QoE) by utilizing a multi-objective function that considers the quality and size of video segments when selecting the next representation. Using quality information and segment size from the modified\n            <jats:italic>Media Presentation Description (MPD)<\/jats:italic>\n            , MEDUSA utilizes buffer occupancy to prioritize quality or size by assigning specific weights in the objective function. To show the impact of MEDUSA, we compare the proposed plug-in approach on top of state-of-the-art techniques with their original implementations and analyze the results for different network traces, video content, and buffer capacities. According to the experimental findings, MEDUSA shows the ability to improve QoE for various test videos and scenarios. The results reveal an impressive improvement in the QoE score of up to 42% according to the ITU-T P.1203 model (mode 0). Additionally, MEDUSA can reduce the transmitted data volume by up to more than 40% achieving a QoE similar to the techniques compared, reducing the burden on streaming service providers for delivery costs.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3656175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T12:00:03Z","timestamp":1712318403000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MEDUSA: A Dynamic Codec Switching Approach in HTTP Adaptive Streaming"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3689-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Lorenzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Tashtarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermann","family":"Hellwagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Timmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2862938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2016.70"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Bitmovin Inc. 2020. Optimal Adaptive Streaming Formats MPEG-DASH & HLS Segment Length. Retrieved 10 September 2021 from https:\/\/bitmovin.com\/mpeg-dash-hls-segment-length\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PCS.2018.8456249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commission. [n. d.]. Raw Data\u2014Measuring Broadband America. Retrieved 13 May 2022 from https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/reports-research\/reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Consumer Technology Association. CTA-5004: Web Application Video Ecosystem\u2013Common Media Client Data. [Online] Available: https:\/\/cdn.cta.tech\/cta\/media\/media\/resources\/standards\/pdfs\/cta-5004-final.pdf. Accessed on Dec. 28 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"DASH Industry Forum (DASH-IF). [n. d.]. dash.js JavaScript Reference Client. Retrieved 10 August 2020 from https:\/\/reference.dashif.org\/dash.js\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft48620.2020.9165450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Ericsson. [2022]. Ericsson Mobility Report. Retrieved 05 May 2022 from https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/4ad7e9\/assets\/local\/reports-papers\/mobility-report\/documents\/2021\/ericssonmobility-report-november-2021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2619239.2626296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Bitmovin Inc.[2023]. AV1 - The Powerful Next Generation Video Codec. Retrieved 24 January 2023 from https:\/\/bitmovin.com\/av1\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"ITU-T. 2017. Rec. P.1203. Parametric bitstream-based quality assessment of progressive download and adaptive audiovisual streaming services over reliable transport - video quality estimation module. Retrieved 08 July 2021 from http:\/\/handle.itu.int\/11.1002\/ps\/P1203-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"ITU-T. 2022. ITU-T. 2022. P.910 : Subjective video quality assessment methods for multimedia applications. Retrieved 13 July 2023 from https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-P.910-202207-I\/en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2015.7247436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2593952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Zhi Li Anne Aaron Ioannis Katsavounidis Anush Moorthy and Megha Manohara. [2021]. Toward a practical perceptual video quality metric. Retrieved 20 June 2021 from https:\/\/netflixtechblog.com\/toward-a-practical-perceptual-video-quality-metric-653f208b9652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3587819.3593029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-27818-1_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524273.3532896"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PCS.2013.6737765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/comex.2015XBL0177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3214827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Jan Ozer. 2017. Finding the Just Noticeable Difference with Netflix VMAF. Retrieved 29 May 2023 from https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/finding-just-noticeabledifference-netflix-vmaf-jan-ozer\/. Accessed: 29 May 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"R. Pantos Ed. and May W.[2022]. HTTP Live Streaming. RFC 8216. Retrieved 05 May 2022 from https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/info\/rfc8216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QoMEX.2017.7965631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3204949.3208123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEW.2019.00066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3176648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3336497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2016.7524428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524273.3532889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3339825.3393581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farzad Tashtarian Alireza Erfanian and Amir Varasteh. 2018. S2VC: An SDN-based framework for maximizing QoE in SVC-based HTTP adaptive streaming. Computer Networks 146 (2018) 33\u201346. DOI:10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.09.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP.2019.8901772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.815165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Sept. 2014. Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format 1.0 (Second Edition). Retrieved 15 June 2022 from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/exi\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2018.8451017"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3656175","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3656175","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:09:33Z","timestamp":1750295373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3656175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3656175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3656175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-6857","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}