{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:29:31Z","timestamp":1764937771908,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["523421583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523421583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual reality has ushered in a revolutionary era of immersive content perception. However, a persistent challenge in dynamic environments is the occurrence of cybersickness arising from a conflict between visual and vestibular cues. Prior techniques have demonstrated that limiting illusory self-motion, so-called vection, by blurring the peripheral part of images, introducing tunnel vision, or altering the camera path can effectively reduce the problem. Unfortunately, these methods often alter the user's experience with visible changes to the content. In this paper, we propose a new technique for reducing vection and combating cybersickness by subtly lowering the screen-space speed of objects in the user's peripheral vision. The method is motivated by our hypothesis that small modifications to the objects' velocity in the periphery and geometrical distortions in the peripheral vision can remain unnoticeable yet lead to reduced vection. This paper describes the experiments supporting this hypothesis and derives its limits. Furthermore, we present a method that exploits these findings by introducing subtle, screen-space geometrical distortions to animation frames to counteract the motion contributing to vection. We implement the method as a realtime post-processing step that can be integrated into existing rendering frameworks. The final validation of the technique and comparison to an alternative approach confirms its effectiveness in reducing cybersickness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3658138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T14:47:57Z","timestamp":1721400477000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cybersickness Reduction via Gaze-Contingent Image Deformation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6445-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Groth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-480X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Magnor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2837-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Grogorick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Eisemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0768-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Didyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces. IEEE, 645--652","author":"Adhanom Isayas Berhe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isayas Berhe Adhanom, Nathan Navarro Griffin, Paul MacNeilage, and Eelke Folmer. 2020. The Effect of a Foveated Field-of-view Restrictor on VR Sickness. In IEEE Conf. Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces. IEEE, 645--652."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018781"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Vikranth Rao Bejjanki, and Richard N Aslin","author":"Bankieris Kaitlyn R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaitlyn R Bankieris, Vikranth Rao Bejjanki, and Richard N Aslin. 2017. Sensory cue-combination in the context of newly learned categories. Scientific Reports 7, 1 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"The effect of internal and external fields of view on visually induced motion sickness. Applied ergonomics 41, 4","author":"Bos Jelte E","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jelte E Bos, Sjoerd C de Vries, Martijn L van Emmerik, and Eric L Groen. 2010. The effect of internal and external fields of view on visually induced motion sickness. Applied ergonomics 41, 4 (2010), 516--521."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott Daly. 2001. Engineering observations from spatiovelocity and spatiotemporal visual models. In Vision Models and Applications to Image and Video Processing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3411-9_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Circumventing side effects of immersive virtual environments. Advances in human factors\/ergonomics 21","author":"DiZio Paul","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paul DiZio and James Lackner. 1997. Circumventing side effects of immersive virtual environments. Advances in human factors\/ergonomics 21 (1997), 893--896."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-020-02228-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Ein Versuch \u00fcber die Netzhautperipherie als Organ zur Wahrnehmung von Bewegungen. Archiv f\u00fcr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere 38, 1","author":"Exner Sigm","year":"1886","unstructured":"Sigm Exner. 1886. Ein Versuch \u00fcber die Netzhautperipherie als Organ zur Wahrnehmung von Bewegungen. Archiv f\u00fcr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere 38, 1 (1886), 217--218."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"Fast Optical Flow 2023. NVIDIA Optical Flow SDK. https:\/\/developer.nvidia.com\/optical-flow-sdk. Accessed: 2024-01-17."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p110457"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW52623.2021.00125"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"IEEE VR Workshop on Immersive Sickness Prevention. 169--177","author":"Groth Colin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colin Groth, Jan-Philipp Tauscher, Nikkel Heesen, Steve Grogorick, Susana Castillo, and Marcus Magnor. 2021b. Mitigation of Cybersickness in Immersive 360\u00b0Videos. In IEEE VR Workshop on Immersive Sickness Prevention. 169--177."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3150506"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06214-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2008.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356490"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.572938"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","article-title":"DeepFovea: Neural Reconstruction for Foveated Rendering and Video Compression using Learned Statistics of Natural Videos","volume":"38","author":"Kaplanyan Anton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anton Kaplanyan, Anton Sochenov, Thomas Leimkuehler, Mikhail Okunev, Todd Goodall, and Gizem Rufo. 2019. DeepFovea: Neural Reconstruction for Foveated Rendering and Video Compression using Learned Statistics of Natural Videos. ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH Asia) 38, 4 (2019), 212:1--212:13.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH Asia)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.582156"},{"volume-title":"Sparse Peripheral Counter-vection Flow Visualization with Reverse Optical Flow for VR Sickness Reduction. In International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). 798--799","author":"Kim Song Min","key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"Song Min Kim and Gerard J. Kim. 2022. Sparse Peripheral Counter-vection Flow Visualization with Reverse Optical Flow for VR Sickness Reduction. In International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). 798--799."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Automated classification and scoring of smooth pursuit eye movements in the presence of fixations and saccades. Behavior research methods 45","author":"Komogortsev Oleg V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oleg V Komogortsev and Alex Karpov. 2013. Automated classification and scoring of smooth pursuit eye movements in the presence of fixations and saccades. Behavior research methods 45 (2013), 203--215."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/333329.333344"},{"volume-title":"The Neurology of Eye Movements","author":"Leigh John","key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"John Leigh and David Zee. 2015. The Neurology of Eye Movements. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2002.996519"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419984"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419984"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruding Lou Richard So and Dominique Bechmann. 2022. Geometric Deformation for Reducing Optic Flow and Cybersickness Dose Value in VR. In Eurographics 2022 - Posters.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct57072.2022.00142"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Effects of stereopsis on vection, presence and cybersickness in head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality. Scientific reports 11, 1","author":"Luu Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson Luu, Barbara Zangerl, Michael Kalloniatis, and Juno Kim. 2021. Effects of stereopsis on vection, presence and cybersickness in head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality. Scientific reports 11, 1 (2021), 12373."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-bja10058"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214804110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"David G. Narciso Maximino Bessa Miguel C. Melo Ant\u00f3nio Coelho and Jos\u00e9 Vasconcelos-Raposo. 2019. Immersive 360\u00b0 video user experience: impact of different variables in the sense of presence and cybersickness. Univers. Access Inf. Soc. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Prevention of Visually Induced Motion Sickness Based on Dynamic Real-Time Content-Aware Non-salient Area Blurring. In IEEE Int. Symp. Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct. 75--78","author":"Nie Guangyu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guangyu Nie, Yue Liu, and Yongtian Wang. 2017. Prevention of Visually Induced Motion Sickness Based on Dynamic Real-Time Content-Aware Non-salient Area Blurring. In IEEE Int. Symp. Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct. 75--78."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Yue Liu, and Yongtian Wang.","author":"Nie Guang-Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guang-Yu Nie, Henry Been-Lirn Duh, Yue Liu, and Yongtian Wang. 2019. Analysis on Mitigation of Visually Induced Motion Sickness by Applying Dynamical Blurring on a User's Retina. TVCG (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","unstructured":"James F O'Hanlon Michael E McCauley et al. 1974. Motion sickness incidence as a function of the frequency and acceleration of vertical sinusoidal motion. Aerospace medicine 45 4 (1974) 366--369."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501847"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980179.2980246"},{"volume-title":"Motion sickness","author":"Reason James T","key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","unstructured":"James T Reason and Joseph John Brand. 1975. Motion sickness. Academic press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2001.913806"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"The object and background hypothesis for vection. Vision research 49, 24","author":"Seno Takeharu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takeharu Seno, Hiroyuki Ito, and Shoji Sunaga. 2009. The object and background hypothesis for vection. Vision research 49, 24 (2009), 2973--2982."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2002.24145"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300905"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201294"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reliability-based weighting of visual and vestibular cues in displacement estimation","volume":"10","author":"Horst Arjan C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arjan C ter Horst, Mathieu Koppen, Luc P. J. Selen, and W. Pieter Medendorp. 2015. Reliability-based weighting of visual and vestibular cues in displacement estimation. PloS one 10, 12 (2015), 1--15.","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/7.10.12"},{"volume-title":"Visual Perception from a Computer Graphics Perspective","author":"Thompson William","key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"William Thompson, Roland Fleming, Sarah Creem-Regehr, and Jeanine Kelly Stefanucci. 2011. Visual Perception from a Computer Graphics Perspective. CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3322985"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Image Processing","volume":"1","author":"Zeng Wenjun","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wenjun Zeng, Scott Daly, and Shawmin Lei. 2000. Point-wise extended visual masking for JPEG-2000 image compression. In International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1. 657--660."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00028"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3658138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3658138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:05:54Z","timestamp":1750291554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3658138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3658138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3658138","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0730-0301"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7368"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}