{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:17:17Z","timestamp":1771467437461,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wildfires are a complex physical phenomenon that involves the combustion of a variety of flammable materials ranging from fallen leaves and dried twigs to decomposing organic material and living flora. All these materials can potentially act as fuel with different properties that determine the progress and severity of a wildfire. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for simulating the dynamic interaction between the varying components of a wildfire, including processes of convection, combustion and heat transfer between vegetation, soil and atmosphere. We propose a novel representation of vegetation that includes detailed branch geometry, fuel moisture, and distribution of grass, fine fuel, and duff. Furthermore, we model the ignition, generation, and transport of fire by firebrands and embers. This allows simulating and rendering virtual 3D wildfires that realistically capture key aspects of the process, such as progressions from ground to crown fires, the impact of embers carried by wind, and the effects of fire barriers and other human intervention methods. We evaluate our approach through numerous experiments and based on comparisons to real-world wildfire data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3658192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T14:47:57Z","timestamp":1721400477000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Scintilla: Simulating Combustible Vegetation for Wildfires"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8578-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Kokosza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMU, Poznan, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6874-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Wrede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAU, Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9059-5574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gonzalez Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milosz","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMU, Poznan, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2091-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daoming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1621-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik L.","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soren","family":"Pirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAU, Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2374-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojtek","family":"Palubicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMU, Poznan, Poland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. J. Abram B. J. Henley A. Sen Gupta T. J. R. Lippmann H. Clarke A. J. Dowdy J. J. Sharples R. H. Nolan T. Zhang M. J. Wooster J. B. Wurtzel K. J. Meissner A. J. Pitman A. M. Ukkola B. P. Murphy N. J. Tapper and M. M. Boer. 2021. Connections of climate change and variability to large and extreme forest fires in southeast Australia. Communications Earth & Environment 2 1 (07 Jan 2021) 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-020-00065-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Blunck","author":"Adusumilli Sampath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sampath Adusumilli, James E. Chaplen, and David L. Blunck. 2021. Firebrand Generation Rates at the Source for Trees and a Shrub. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering 7 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Anand B. Shotorban S. Mahalingam S. McAllister and D. Weise. 2017. Physics-Based Modeling of Live Wildland Fuel Ignition Experiments in the FIST Apparatus. Combustion Science and Technology 189 (03 2017).","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2017.1308357"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Aono and T.L. Kunii. 1984. Botanical Tree Image Generation. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 4(5) (1984) 10--34.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1984.276141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Generation and Mapping of Fuel Types for Fire Risk Assessment. Fire 4, 3","author":"Aragoneses Elena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elena Aragoneses and Emilio Chuvieco. 2021. Generation and Mapping of Fuel Types for Fire Risk Assessment. Fire 4, 3 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-017-1393-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Argudo E. Galin A. Peytavie A. Paris and E. Gu\u00e9rin. 2020. Simulation Modeling and Authoring of Glaciers. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH Asia 2020) 39 6 (2020).","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417855"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Ignition handbook: principles and applications to fire safety engineering, fire investigation, risk management and forensic science","author":"Babrauskas V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"V. Babrauskas. 2003. Ignition handbook: principles and applications to fire safety engineering, fire investigation, risk management and forensic science. Issaquah, WA, Fire Science Publishers 9 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2005.00876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2381692.2381694"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"J. Bishop. 2007. Technical background of the fireline assessment method (FLAME). In The Fire Environment-Innovations Management and Policy Conference Proceedings. 27--74."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(73)90047-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461952"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Bridson and M. M\u00fcller. 2007. Fluid simulation: SIGGRAPH course notes. (2007) 1--81.","DOI":"10.1145\/1281500.1281681"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Bruneton and F. Neyret. 2012. Real-time Realistic Rendering and Lighting of Forests. Comput. Graph. Forum 31 2pt1 (2012) 373--382.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03016.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF9930031"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vis.4340050104"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Generating Diverse Agricultural Data for Vision-Based Farming Applications. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshop: Vision for Agriculture","author":"Cieslak M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Cieslak, U. Govindarajan, A. Garcia, A. Chandrashekar, T H\u00e4drich, A. Mendoza-Drosik, D. L. Michels, S. Pirk, C.-C. Fu, and W. Palubicki. 2024. Generating Diverse Agricultural Data for Vision-Based Farming Applications. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshop: Vision for Agriculture (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"J. L. Coen. 2013. Modeling wildland fires : A description of the Coupled Atmosphere-Wildland Fire Environment model (CAWFE)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13379"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073667"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Deussen P. Hanrahan B. Lintermann R. M\u011bch M. Pharr and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz. 1998. Realistic Modeling and Rendering of Plant Ecosystems. ACM Trans. Graph. (1998) 275--286.","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280898"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2006.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH","author":"Fedkiw R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"R. Fedkiw, J. Stam, and H. W. Jensen. 2001. Visual Simulation of Smoke. Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH (2001), 15--22."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jean-Baptiste Filippi Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bosseur Celine Mari and C. Lac. 2018. Simulation of a Large Wildfire in a Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Model. Atmosphere 9 (06 2018) 218.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9060218"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200590900471"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0561"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00740368"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3394105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-010-0181-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13106"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417801"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","article-title":"Weatherscapes: Nowcasting Heat Transfer and Water Continuity","volume":"40","author":"Amador Herrera Jorge Alejandro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jorge Alejandro Amador Herrera, Torsten H\u00e4drich, Wojtek Pa\u0142ubicki, Daniel T. Banuti, S\u00f6ren Pirk, and Dominik L. Michels. 2021. Weatherscapes: Nowcasting Heat Transfer and Water Continuity. ACM Transaction on Graphics 40, 6, Article 204 (12 2021).","journal-title":"ACM Transaction on Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-009-0403-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531347"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Physically-based modeling, simulation and rendering of fire for computer animation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 71, 3 (01","author":"Huang Zhanpeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhanpeng Huang, Guanghong Gong, and Liang Han. 2014. Physically-based modeling, simulation and rendering of fire for computer animation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 71, 3 (01 Aug 2014), 1283--1309."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2006.00981.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","unstructured":"R. J. Innes. 2013. Fire regimes of Alaskan tundra communities. www.fs.usda.gov\/database\/feis\/fire_regimes\/AK_tundra\/all.html. Accessed: 2024-04-16."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","unstructured":"M. Jaeger and J. Teng. 2003. Tree and plant volume imaging - An introductive study towards voxelized functional landscapes. PMA (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073490419301100104"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073490419401200602"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"LAESI: Leaf Area Estimation with Synthetic Imagery. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshop: Synthetic Data for Computer Vision","author":"Ka\u0142u\u017cny J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. Ka\u0142u\u017cny, Y. Schreckenberg, K. Cyganik, P. Annigh\u00f6fer, S. Pirk, D. Michels, M. Cieslak, F. Assaad, B. Benes, and W. Palubicki. 2024. LAESI: Leaf Area Estimation with Synthetic Imagery. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshop: Synthetic Data for Computer Vision (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Kapp J. Gain E. Gu\u00e9rin E. Galin and A. Peytavie. 2020. Data-driven Authoring of Large-scale Ecosystems. ACM Trans. Graph. (2020).","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417848"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-21-3141-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques","author":"Lamorlette A.","unstructured":"A. Lamorlette and N. Foster. 2002. Structural Modeling of Flames for a Production Environment. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (San Antonio, Texas) (SIGGRAPH '02). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 729--735."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","unstructured":"B. Lane and P. Prusinkiewicz. 2002. Generating Spatial Distributions for Multilevel Models of Plant Communities. Graphics Interface (2002) 69--80."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-011-9954-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3478513.3480525"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592145"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.736469"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Liu T. An Z. Gong and I. Hagiwara. 2012. Physically Based Simulation of Solid Objects Burning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg 110--120.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29050-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3478513.3480486"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964948"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7225(02)00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Intl. Symp. on SBIM. 107--120","author":"Longay S.","unstructured":"S. Longay, A. Runions, F. Boudon, and P. Prusinkiewicz. 2012. TreeSketch: interactive procedural modeling of trees on a tablet. In Proc. of the Intl. Symp. on SBIM. 107--120."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Conference Papers. ACM","author":"Maggioli F.","unstructured":"F. Maggioli, J. Klein, T. H\u00e4drich, E. Rodol\u00e0, W. Pa\u0142ubicki, S. Pirk, and D. L. Michels. 2023. A Physically-inspired Approach to the Simulation of Plant Wilting. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Conference Papers. ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 66, 8 pages."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3323039"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Mandel A. Kochanski M. Vejmelka and J. Beezley. 2014. Data Assimilation of Satellite Fire Detection in Coupled Atmosphere-Fire Simulation by WRF-SFIRE. (10 2014).","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-0884-6_80"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.977"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","article-title":"Moisture content thresholds for ignition and rate of fire spread for various dead fuels in northeast forest ecosystems of China","author":"Masinda M. M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. M. Masinda, L. Sun, G. Wang, and T. Hu. 2020. Moisture content thresholds for ignition and rate of fire spread for various dead fuels in northeast forest ecosystems of China. Journal of Forestry Research (05 Jun 2020).","journal-title":"Journal of Forestry Research (05"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. McAllister J.Y. Chen and A.C. Fernandez-Pello. 2011. Fundamentals of Combustion Processes. Springer New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7943-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618562.2012.659663"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Melek and J. Keyser. 2002. Interactive simulation of fire. Pacific Graphics (2002) 431--432.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCGA.2002.1167889"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF06002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","volume-title":"Modeling High Heat Flux Combustion of Coniferous Trees Using Chemically Reacting Lagrangian Particles (WSSCI Fall Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute).","author":"Mendoza H.","unstructured":"H. Mendoza, A. Brown, and A. Ricks. 2019. Modeling High Heat Flux Combustion of Coniferous Trees Using Chemically Reacting Lagrangian Particles (WSSCI Fall Technical Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","volume-title":"Proc. of SIGGRAPH. ACM, 397--410","author":"M\u011bch R.","unstructured":"R. M\u011bch and P. Prusinkiewicz. 1996. Visual models of plants interacting with their environment. In Proc. of SIGGRAPH. ACM, 397--410."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276487"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566643"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcph.2001.6812"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3526213"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3502220"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Okabe S. Owada and T. Igarashi. 2007. Interactive Design of Botanical Trees Using Freehand Sketches and Example-based Editing. In ACM SIGGRAPH Courses (San Diego California). ACM Article 26.","DOI":"10.1145\/1281500.1281537"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/15886.15892"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531364"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3528223.3530146"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3016963"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Paris E. Galin A. Peytavie E. Gu\u00e9rin and O. Argudo. 2019. Desertscapes Simulation. CGF 38 7 (2019).","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13815"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(03)00017-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz210"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","volume-title":"Physically-Based Realistic Fire Rendering. In Eurographics Workshop on Natural Phenomena. The Eurographics Association.","author":"Pegoraro V.","unstructured":"V. Pegoraro and S. G. Parker. 2006. Physically-Based Realistic Fire Rendering. In Eurographics Workshop on Natural Phenomena. The Eurographics Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","volume-title":"Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation","author":"Pharr Matt","unstructured":"Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jakob, and Greg Humphreys. 2016. Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation (3rd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, USA.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366188"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661229.2661252"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185546"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","volume-title":"Proc. on Graph. Interf. 247--253","author":"Prusinkiewicz P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"P. Prusinkiewicz. 1986. Graphical applications of L-systems. In Proc. on Graph. Interf. 247--253."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141929"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Quigley Y. Yu J. Huang W. Lin and R. Fedkiw. 2018. Real-Time Interactive Tree Animation. 24 5 (2018) 1717--1727.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2661308"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882335"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1620300606"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","unstructured":"A. Runions B. Lane and P. Prusinkiewicz. 2007. Modeling Trees with a Space Colonization Algorithm. EG Nat. Phenom. (2007) 63--70."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","first-page":"318","article-title":"A Drag Coefficient Correlation","volume":"77","author":"Schiller L.","year":"1935","unstructured":"L. Schiller and Z Naumann. 1935. A Drag Coefficient Correlation. VDI Zeitung 77 (1935), 318--320.","journal-title":"VDI Zeitung"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379351"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10915-007-9166-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","unstructured":"H. Shao T. Kugelstadt T. H\u00e4drich W. Pa\u0142ubicki J. Bender S. Pirk and D. L. Michels. 2021. Accurately Solving Rod Dynamics with Graph Learning. In NeurIPS."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","volume-title":"Stable Fluids. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '99)","author":"Stam Jos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jos Stam. 1999. Stable Fluids. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '99). ACM Press\/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., USA, 121--128."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Stava S. Pirk J. Kratt B. Chen R. M\u011bch O. Deussen and B. Benes. 2014. Inverse Procedural Modelling of Trees. Computer Graphics Forum (2014) n\/a-n\/a.","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12282"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601176"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1409060.1409061"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2015.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","volume-title":"A Multi-Fidelity Framework for Wildland Fire Behavior Simulations over Complex Terrain. Atmosphere 12, 2","author":"Vanella Marcos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marcos Vanella, Kevin McGrattan, Randall McDermott, Glenn Forney, William Mell, Emanuele Gissi, and Paolo Fiorucci. 2021. A Multi-Fidelity Framework for Wildland Fire Behavior Simulations over Complex Terrain. Atmosphere 12, 2 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690180219"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Wither F. Boudon M.-P. Cani and C. Godin. 2009. Structure from silhouettes: a new paradigm for fast sketch-based design of trees. 28 2 (2009) 541--550.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01394.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","volume-title":"A Procedural Approach to Modelling Virtual Climbing Plants With Tendrils. Comput. Graph. Forum","author":"Wong S.-K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"S.-K. Wong and K.-C. Chen. 2015. A Procedural Approach to Modelling Virtual Climbing Plants With Tendrils. Comput. Graph. Forum (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1289603.1289610"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_114_1","volume-title":"IEEE Visualization, 2003. VIS 2003. 271--278","author":"Zhao Y.","unstructured":"Y. Zhao, X. Wei, Z. Fan, A. Kaufman, and H. Qin. 2003. Voxels on fire [computer animation]. In IEEE Visualization, 2003. VIS 2003. 271--278."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_115_1","unstructured":"X. Zhou B. Li B. Benes S. Fei and S. Pirk. 2023. DeepTree: Modeling Trees with Situated Latents. IEEE TVCG (2023) 1--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13615"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3658192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3658192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:04:16Z","timestamp":1750291456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3658192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3658192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3658192","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}