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We introduce a new hybrid model,\n            <jats:italic>NICER<\/jats:italic>\n            , which combines a torque-based approach with a new term derived from the empirical measurement of muscle contraction and a recovery factor to account for decreasing fatigue during rest. We evaluated NICER in a mid-air selection task using two interaction methods with different degrees of perceived fatigue. Results show that NICER can accurately model above-shoulder interactions as well as reflect fatigue recovery during rest periods. Moreover, both interaction methods show a stronger correlation with subjective fatigue measurement (\n            <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.978\/0.976) than a previous model, Cumulative Fatigue (\n            <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.966\/0.923), confirming that NICER is a powerful analytical tool to predict fatigue across a variety of gesture-based interactive applications.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3658230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T14:47:57Z","timestamp":1721400477000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["NICER: A New and Improved Consumed Endurance and Recovery Metric to Quantify Muscle Fatigue of Mid-Air Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9011-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7831-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8097-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaozhang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Crowther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New England, Armidale, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7716-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pourang","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barrett","family":"Ens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada"},{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2687921"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2071536.2071540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Gunnar Borg. 1998. 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