{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T16:56:19Z","timestamp":1784998579695,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":48,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3670272","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T12:19:20Z","timestamp":1733746760000},"page":"1997-2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Robust and Reliable Early-Stage Website Fingerprinting Attacks via Spatial-Temporal Distribution Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhao","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSC &amp; BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSC, Tsinghua University &amp; Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCST, Tsinghua University &amp; Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2023. Circuit-level padding. https:\/\/spec.torproject.org\/padding-spec\/circuitlevel-padding.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3616639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2019-0070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2665943.2665949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22)","author":"Cherubin Giovanni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giovanni Cherubin, Rob Jansen, and Carmela Troncoso. 2022. Online website fingerprinting: Evaluating website fingerprinting attacks on Tor in the real world. In 31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22). 753--770."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3423351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Exploring Dynamic Rule Caching Under Dependency Constraints for Programmable Switches: Theory, Algorithm, and Implementation","author":"Deng Xinhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xinhao Deng, Mingwei Xu, Qi Li, Weijie Wu, Yuan Yang, Menghao Zhang, Yu Zhou, and Jianping Wu. 2024. Exploring Dynamic Rule Caching Under Dependency Constraints for Programmable Switches: Theory, Algorithm, and Implementation. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Robust Multi-tab Website Fingerprinting Attacks in the Wild. In 2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE Computer Society, 1005--1022","author":"Deng Xinhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xinhao Deng, Qilei Yin, Zhuotao Liu, Xiyuan Zhao, Qi Li, Mingwei Xu, Ke Xu, and Jianping Wu. 2023. Robust Multi-tab Website Fingerprinting Attacks in the Wild. In 2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE Computer Society, 1005--1022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3339252.3341478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Tor: The secondgeneration onion router. Technical Report. Naval Research Lab Washington DC.","author":"Dingledine Roger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson, and Paul Syverson. 2004. Tor: The secondgeneration onion router. Technical Report. Naval Research Lab Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2012.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3670353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1636682.1636693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3489212.3489253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"25th USENIX Security Symposium. 1187-- 1203","author":"Hayes Jamie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jamie Hayes and George Danezis. 2016. k-fingerprinting: A robust scalable website fingerprinting technique. In 25th USENIX Security Symposium. 1187-- 1203."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2022-0049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2008.1083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3623107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"WTF-PAD: toward an efficient website fingerprinting defense for tor. CoRR, abs\/1512.00524","author":"Ju\u00e1rez Marc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marc Ju\u00e1rez, Mohsen Imani, Mike Perry, Claudia Diaz, and Matthew Wright. 2015. WTF-PAD: toward an efficient website fingerprinting defense for tor. CoRR, abs\/1512.00524 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Supervised contrastive learning. Advances in neural information processing systems 33","author":"Khosla Prannay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prannay Khosla, Piotr Teterwak, ChenWang, Aaron Sarna, Yonglong Tian, Phillip Isola, Aaron Maschinot, Ce Liu, and Dilip Krishnan. 2020. Supervised contrastive learning. Advances in neural information processing systems 33 (2020), 18661--18673."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3142995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Advances in neural information processing systems 30","author":"Lundberg Scott M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott M Lundberg and Su-In Lee. 2017. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference","author":"Mani Akshaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akshaya Mani, T Wilson-Brown, Rob Jansen, Aaron Johnson, and Micah Sherr. 2018. Understanding tor usage with privacy-preserving measurement. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018. 175--187."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Defeating DNNBased Traffic Analysis Systems in Real-Time With Blind Adversarial Perturbations. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Nasr Milad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milad Nasr, Alireza Bahramali, and Amir Houmansadr. 2021. Defeating DNNBased Traffic Analysis Systems in Real-Time With Blind Adversarial Perturbations. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Defeating DNNBased Traffic Analysis Systems in Real-Time With Blind Adversarial Perturbations. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Nasr Milad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milad Nasr, Alireza Bahramali, and Amir Houmansadr. 2021. Defeating DNNBased Traffic Analysis Systems in Real-Time With Blind Adversarial Perturbations. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriy Panchenko Fabian Lanze Jan Pennekamp Thomas Engel Andreas Zinnen Martin Henze and Klaus Wehrle. 2016. Website Fingerprinting at Internet Scale.. In NDSS.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Low-Quality Training Data Only? A Robust Framework for Detecting Encrypted Malicious Network Traffic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.04798","author":"Qing Yuqi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuqi Qing, Qilei Yin, Xinhao Deng, Yihao Chen, Zhuotao Liu, Kun Sun, Ke Xu, Jia Zhang, and Qi Li. 2023. Low-Quality Training Data Only? A Robust Framework for Detecting Encrypted Malicious Network Traffic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.04798 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAS.2012.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2020-0043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Tom Van Goethem, and Wouter Joosen","author":"Rimmer Vera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vera Rimmer, Davy Preuveneers, Marc Juarez, Tom Van Goethem, and Wouter Joosen. 2018. Automated Website Fingerprinting through Deep Learning. In NDSS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Subverting Website Fingerprinting Defenses with Robust Traffic Representation. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23)","author":"Shen Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng Shen, Kexin Ji, Zhenbo Gao, Qi Li, Liehuang Zhu, and Ke Xu. 2023. Subverting Website Fingerprinting Defenses with Robust Traffic Representation. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23). 607--624."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 3145--3153","author":"Shrikumar Avanti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Avanti Shrikumar, Peyton Greenside, and Anshul Kundaje. 2017. Learning important features through propagating activation differences. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 3145--3153."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3354217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). IEEE.","author":"Luo Junzhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"ChunmianWang, Junzhou Luo, Zhen Ling, Lan Luo, and Xinwen Fu. 2023. A comprehensive and long-term evaluation of tor v3 onion services. In Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"23rd USENIX Security Symposium. 143--157","author":"Wang Tao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tao Wang, Xiang Cai, Rishab Nithyanand, Rob Johnson, and Ian Goldberg. 2014. Effective attacks and provable defenses for website fingerprinting. In 23rd USENIX Security Symposium. 143--157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"26th USENIX Security Symposium. 1375-- 1390","author":"Wang Tao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tao Wang and Ian Goldberg. 2017. Walkie-talkie: An efficient defense against passive website fingerprinting attacks. In 26th USENIX Security Symposium. 1375-- 1390."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"A Two-Phase Approach to Fast and Accurate Classification of Encrypted Traffic","author":"Wang Yipeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yipeng Wang, Huijie He, Yingxu Lai, and Alex X Liu. 2022. A Two-Phase Approach to Fast and Accurate Classification of Encrypted Traffic. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274694.3274697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sam.11161"}],"event":{"name":"CCS '24: ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Salt Lake City UT USA","acronym":"CCS '24","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3658644.3670272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3658644.3670272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T06:07:32Z","timestamp":1755842852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3658644.3670272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3658644.3670272","10.1145\/3658644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3658644.3670272","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}