{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T23:41:23Z","timestamp":1769211683628,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["462163815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["462163815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Achieving temporal synchrony between sensory modalities is crucial for natural perception of object interaction in virtual reality (VR). While subjective questionnaires are currently used to evaluate users\u2019 VR experiences, leveraging behavior and psychophysiological responses can provide additional insights. We investigated motion and ocular behavior as discriminators between realistic and unrealistic object interactions. Participants grasped and placed a virtual object while experiencing sensory feedback that either matched their expectations or occurred too early. We also explored visual-only feedback vs. combined visual and haptic feedback. Due to technological limitations, a condition with delayed feedback was added\n            <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n            . Gaze-based metrics revealed discrimination between high- and low-feedback realism. Increased interaction uncertainty was associated with longer fixations on the avatar hand and temporal shifts in the gaze\u2013action relationship. Our findings enable real-time evaluation of users\u2019 perception of realism in interactions. They facilitate the optimization of interaction realism in virtual environments and beyond.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3660345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T20:40:21Z","timestamp":1713472821000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Decoding Realism of Virtual Objects: Exploring Behavioral and Ocular Reactions to Inaccurate Interaction Feedback"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonie","family":"Terfurth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Gramann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Gehrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/15.5.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychophysiology","author":"Beatty Jackson K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jackson K. Beatty and Brennis Lucero-Wagoner. 2000. The pupillary system. In Handbook of Psychophysiology. J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, and G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 142\u2013162."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar7010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.650693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11101647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Augmenting perceived softness of haptic proxy objects through transient vibration and visuo-haptic illusion in virtual reality","volume":"27","author":"Choi Inrak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inrak Choi, Yiwei Zhao, Eric J. Gonzalez, and Sean Follmer. 2020. Augmenting perceived softness of haptic proxy objects through transient vibration and visuo-haptic illusion in virtual reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 27, 12 (2020), 4387\u20134400.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8163098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Daniel Shor Corten Micha\u00ebl Jess Wiertlewski Hartcher O\u2019Brien and David Abbink. 2020. Quantifying industrial touch: Taking a task performance approach to quantify feedback modality contributions to VR manufacturing training. In EuroHaptics. Preprint."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2019.8816173","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC \u201919)","author":"Di Luca Massimiliano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Massimiliano Di Luca and Arash Mahnan. 2019. Perceptual limits of visual-haptic simultaneity in virtual reality interactions. In Proceedings of the IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC \u201919). IEEE, 67\u201372."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379350.3416188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-011-0424-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300657"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac69bc","article-title":"Neural sources of prediction errors detect unrealistic VR interactions","volume":"19","author":"Gehrke Lukas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lukas Gehrke, Pedro Lopes, Marius Klug, Sezen Akman, and Klaus Gramann. 2022. Neural sources of prediction errors detect unrealistic VR interactions. Journal of Neural Engineering 19, 3 (2022), 036002.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00349"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26544-w","article-title":"Task-evoked pupillary responses track precision-weighted prediction errors and learning rate during interceptive visuomotor actions","volume":"12","author":"Harris D. J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"D. J. Harris, Tom Arthur, S. J. Vine, J. Liu, H. R. Abd Rahman, F. Han, and M. R. Wilson. 2022. Task-evoked pupillary responses track precision-weighted prediction errors and learning rate during interceptive visuomotor actions. Scientific Reports 12, 1 (2022), 22098.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/3.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/852420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-022-01656-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"High Tech Computer Co. 2022. VIVE Pro Eye Specs. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vive.com\/us\/product\/vive-pro-eye\/specs\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01723-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-014-0723-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210802240655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06917.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220210159735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280701453854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","volume-title":"Neuroergonomics Conference","volume":"11","author":"Keshava Ashima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashima Keshava, Farbod Nosrat Nezami, Nora Maleki, Linus Tiemann, and Peter K\u00f6nig. 2021. Stress testing VR eye-tracking system performance. In Neuroergonomics Conference, Vol. 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1699746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3316782.3321536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611427305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p2935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02200-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/18.6.18","article-title":"Using synchronized eye and motion tracking to determine high-precision eye-movement patterns during object-interaction tasks","volume":"18","author":"Lavoie Ewen B.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ewen B. Lavoie, A\u00efda M. Valevicius, Quinn A. Boser, Ognjen Kovic, Albert H. Vette, Patrick M. Pilarski, Jacqueline S. Hebert, and Craig S. Chapman. 2018. Using synchronized eye and motion tracking to determine high-precision eye-movement patterns during object-interaction tasks. Journal of Vision 18, 6 (2018), 18\u201318.","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"154761","article-title":"Human pupillary dilation response to deviant auditory stimuli: Effects of stimulus properties and voluntary attention","volume":"10","author":"Liao Hsin-I.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsin-I. Liao, Makoto Yoneya, Shunsuke Kidani, Makio Kashino, and Shigeto Furukawa. 2016. Human pupillary dilation response to deviant auditory stimuli: Effects of stimulus properties and voluntary attention. Frontiers in Neuroscience 10 (2016), 154761.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3489849.3489880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus\u2013noradrenergic arousal function in humans","volume":"48","author":"Murphy Peter R.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peter R. Murphy, Ian H. Robertson, Joshua H. Balsters, and Redmond G. O\u2019connell. 2011. Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus\u2013noradrenergic arousal function in humans. Psychophysiology 48, 11 (2011), 1532\u20131543.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-22747-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2022. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-021-01608-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0314-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1617-6383.15.2.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201919)","author":"Schwind Valentin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valentin Schwind, Pascal Knierim, Nico Haas, and Niels Henze. 2019. Using presence questionnaires in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201919). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.8.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","volume":"2","author":"Tukey John W.","year":"1977","unstructured":"John W. Tukey. 1977. Exploratory Data Analysis, Vol. 2. Reading, MA.","journal-title":"Exploratory Data Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1432-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bodo Winter. 2013. Linear models and linear mixed effects models in R with linguistic applications. arXiv:1308.5499. Retrieved from 10.48550\/arXiv.1308.5499","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1308.5499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3660345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3660345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T23:56:49Z","timestamp":1750291009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3660345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3660345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3660345","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}