{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T11:17:19Z","timestamp":1776511039833,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Errors that arise due to a mismatch in the dynamics of a person\u2019s motion and the visualized movements of their avatar in virtual reality are termed \u201cphysicality errors\u201d to distinguish them from simple physical errors, such as footskate. Physicality errors involve plausible motions, but with dynamic inconsistencies. Even with perfect tracking and ideal virtual worlds, such errors are inevitable in virtual reality whenever a person adopts an avatar that does not match their own proportions or lifts a virtual object that appears heavier than the movement of their hand. This study investigates people\u2019s sensitivity to physicality errors to understand when they are likely to be noticeable and need to be mitigated. It uses a simple, well-understood exercise of a dumbbell lift to explore the impact of motion kinematics and varied sources of visual information, including changing body size, changing the size of manipulated objects, and displaying muscular strain. Results suggest that kinematic (motion) information has a dominant impact on perception of effort, but visual information, particularly the visual size of the lifted object, has a strong impact on perceived weight. This can lead to perceptual mismatches that reduce perceived naturalness. Small errors may not be noticeable, but large errors reduce naturalness. Further results are discussed, which inform the requirements for animation algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3660636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T10:22:45Z","timestamp":1713608565000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding the Impact of Visual and Kinematic Information on the Perception of Physicality Errors"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8089-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goksu","family":"Yamac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meta Reality Labs Research, Sausalito, United States and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Neff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meta Reality Labs Research, Sausalito, United States and University of California Davis, Davis, United States"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","article-title":"Human Generator V2","author":"Blender","unstructured":"Blender. [n. d.]. Human Generator V2. Retrieved April 2021 from https:\/\/www.humgen3d.com\/ or https:\/\/blendermarket.com\/products\/humgen3d","journal-title":"Retrieved April 2021 from https:\/\/www.humgen3d.com\/ or https:\/\/blendermarket.com\/products\/humgen3d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","article-title":"Wrap3D","author":"Faceform","unstructured":"Faceform. [n. d.]. Wrap3D. Retrieved December 2021 from https:\/\/www.russian3dscanner.com\/","journal-title":"Retrieved December 2021 from https:\/\/www.russian3dscanner.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.1.213"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed models in R","volume":"5","author":"Bates Douglas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Douglas Bates et\u00a0al. 2005. Fitting linear mixed models in R. R News 5, 1 (2005), 27\u201330.","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas Bates Martin M\u00e4chler Ben Bolker and Steve Walker. 2014. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Retrieved from https:\/\/arXiv:1406.5823","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.13.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0501_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190152"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1815"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3926-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343036.3343132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","unstructured":"Rune Haubo B. Christensen. 2018. Cumulative link models for ordinal regression with the R package ordinal. https:\/\/cran.uni-muenster.de\/web\/packages\/ordinal\/vignettes\/clm_article.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2983620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.09.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3473856.3473870"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229824"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-013-0539-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015761"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1823738.1823740"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185586"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1889863.1889878"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01660-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2947616"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.100.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3119881.3119891"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301411"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3473041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3131525"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1462048.1462051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070481.2070494"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Rietzler Michael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael Rietzler, Florian Geiselhart, Jan Gugenheimer, and Enrico Rukzio. 2018. Breaking the tracking: Enabling weight perception using perceivable tracking offsets. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.7.4.733"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169877"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01604-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Samad Majed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Majed Samad, Elia Gatti, Anne Hermes, Hrvoje Benko, and Cesare Parise. 2019. Pseudo-haptic weight: Changing the perceived weight of virtual objects by manipulating control-display ratio. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222899709600828"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p3434"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902730597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Virtual Reality (VR\u201993)","author":"Slater Mel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mel Slater and Martin Usoh. 1993. The influence of a virtual body on presence in immersive virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Virtual Reality (VR\u201993). 34\u201342."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Smith Harrison Jesse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrison Jesse Smith and Michael Neff. 2018. Communication behavior in embodied virtual reality. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 289."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3439795"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210210"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception","author":"Thaler Anne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anne Thaler, Sergi Pujades, Jeanine K. Stefanucci, Sarah H. Creem-Regehr, Joachim Tesch, Michael J. Black, and Betty J. Mohler. 2019. The influence of visual perspective on body size estimation in immersive virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception. 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419985"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3660636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3660636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:50:21Z","timestamp":1750287021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3660636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3660636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3660636","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-3965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}