{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:07:30Z","timestamp":1784268450638,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["F 77 (SFB \u201cAdvanced Computational Design\u201d)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F 77 (SFB \u201cAdvanced Computational Design\u201d)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Differentiable rendering methods promise the ability to optimize various parameters of three-dimensional (3D) scenes to achieve a desired result. However, lighting design has so far received little attention in this field. In this article, we introduce a method that enables continuous optimization of the arrangement of luminaires in a 3D scene via differentiable light tracing. Our experiments show two major issues when attempting to apply existing methods from differentiable path tracing to this problem: First, many rendering methods produce images, which restricts the ability of a designer to define lighting objectives to image space. Second, most previous methods are designed for scene geometry or material optimization and have not been extensively tested for the case of optimizing light sources. Currently available differentiable ray-tracing methods do not provide satisfactory performance, even on fairly basic test cases in our experience. In this article, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, a novel adjoint light tracing method that overcomes these challenges and enables gradient-based lighting design optimization in a view-independent (camera-free) way. Thus, we allow the user to paint illumination targets directly onto the 3D scene or use existing baked illumination data (e.g.,\u00a0light maps). Using modern ray-tracing hardware, we achieve interactive performance. We find light tracing advantageous over path tracing in this setting, as it naturally handles irregular geometry, resulting in less noise and improved optimization convergence. We compare our adjoint gradients to state-of-the-art image-based differentiable rendering methods. We also demonstrate that our gradient data works with various common optimization algorithms, providing good convergence behaviour. Qualitative comparisons with real-world scenes underline the practical applicability of our method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3662180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T11:56:03Z","timestamp":1714737363000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["View-Independent Adjoint Light Tracing for Lighting Design Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Lipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7617-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3975-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Ecormier-Nocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1559-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Rist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Wien, Austria"},{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"ANSI\/IES. 2020. IES Standard File Format for Photometric Data ANSI\/IES LM-63-19. Retrieved from https:\/\/webstore.ansi.org\/Standards\/IESNA\/ANSIIESLM6319"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sai Praveen Bangaru Tzu-Mao Li and Fr\u00e9do Durand. 2020. Unbiased warped-area sampling for differentiable rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 39 6 (2020) 1\u201318. DOI:10.1145\/3414685.3417833","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417833"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"Andrew M. Bradley. 2019. PDE-constrained Optimization and the Adjoint Method. Retrieved from https:\/\/cs.stanford.edu\/ambrad\/adjoint_tutorial.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"DIAL GmbH. 2022. DIALux evo 10.1. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dialux.com\/en-GB\/dialux"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","unstructured":"EasternGraphics GmbH. 2023. pCon.Planner. Retrieved from https:\/\/pcon-planner.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pascal Gautron Jaroslav Krivanek Sumanta Pattanaik and Kadi Bouatouch. 2004. A novel hemispherical basis for accurate and efficient rendering. In Eurographics Workshop on Rendering. DOI:10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR04\/321-330","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR04\/321-330"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moritz Geilinger David Hahn Jonas Zehnder Moritz B\u00e4cher Bernhard Thomaszewski and Stelian Coros. 2020. ADD: Analytically differentiable dynamics for multi-body systems with frictional contact. ACM Trans. Graph. 39 6 (Nov. 2020) 1\u201315. DOI:10.1145\/3414685.3417766","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417766"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasios Gkaravelis. 2016. Inverse lighting design using a coverage optimization strategy. Visual Comput. 32 6 (2016) 10.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-016-1237-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46487-9_42"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ioannis Gkioulekas Shuang Zhao Kavita Bala Todd Zickler and Anat Levin. 2013. Inverse volume rendering with material dictionaries. ACM Trans. Graph. 32 6 (Nov. 2013) 1\u201313. DOI:10.1145\/2508363.2508377","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cindy M. Goral Kenneth E. Torrance Donald P. Greenberg and Bennett Battaile. 1984. Modeling the interaction of light between diffuse surfaces. ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 18 3 (Jul. 1984) 213\u2013222. DOI:10.1145\/964965.808601","DOI":"10.1145\/964965.808601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","volume-title":"Archives of the Game Developers Conference","volume":"56","author":"Green Robin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robin Green. 2003. Spherical harmonic lighting: The gritty details. In Archives of the Game Developers Conference, Vol. 56."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donald P. Greenberg Michael F. Cohen and Kenneth E. Torrance. 1986. Radiosity: A method for computing global illumination. Visual Comput. 2 5 (Sep. 1986) 291\u2013297. DOI:10.1007\/bf02020429","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02020429"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","unstructured":"Nikolaus Hansen. 2021. c-cmaes. (2021). https:\/\/github.com\/CMA-ES\/c-cmaes"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nikolaus Hansen Sibylle D. M\u00fcller and Petros Koumoutsakos. 2003. Reducing the time complexity of the derandomized evolution strategy with covariance matrix adaptation (CMA-ES). Evol. Comput. 11 1 (Mar. 2003) 1\u201318. DOI:10.1162\/106365603321828970","DOI":"10.1162\/106365603321828970"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Milo\u0161 Ha\u0161an Jaroslav K\u0159iv\u00e1nek Bruce Walter and Kavita Bala. 2009. Virtual spherical lights for many-light rendering of glossy scenes. ACM Trans. Graph. 28 5 (Dec. 2009) 1\u20136. DOI:10.1145\/1618452.1618489","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","unstructured":"Wenzel Jakob S\u00e9bastien Speierer Nicolas Roussel Merlin Nimier-David Delio Vicini Tizian Zeltner Baptiste Nicolet Miguel Crespo Vincent Leroy and Ziyi Zhang. 2022. Mitsuba 3 Renderer. Retrieved from https:\/\/mitsuba-renderer.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9430-0_31"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sam Jin and Sung-Hee Lee. 2019. Lighting layout optimization for 3D Indoor scenes. Comput. Graph. Forum 38 7 (2019) 733\u2013743. DOI:10.1111\/cgf.13875","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"James T. Kajiya. 1986. The rendering equation. ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 20 4 (Aug. 1986) 143\u2013150. DOI:10.1145\/15886.15902","DOI":"10.1145\/15886.15902"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pramook Khungurn Daniel Schroeder Shuang Zhao Kavita Bala and Steve Marschner. 2015. Matching real fabrics with micro-appearance models. ACM Trans. Graph. 35 1 (Dec. 2015) 1\u201326. DOI:10.1145\/2818648","DOI":"10.1145\/2818648"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2014. ADAM: A method for stochastic optimization. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201914). arXiv:1412.6980 [cs.LG]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Krivanek P. Gautron S. Pattanaik and K. Bouatouch. 2005. Radiance caching for efficient global illumination computation. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 11 5 (Sep. 2005) 550\u2013561. DOI:10.1109\/tvcg.2005.83","DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2005.83"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33287-6","volume-title":"The Finite Element Method: Theory, Implementation, and Applications","author":"Larson Mats","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mats Larson and Fredrik Bengzon. 2013. The Finite Element Method: Theory, Implementation, and Applications. Springer-Verlag GmbH."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaakko Lehtinen Matthias Zwicker Emmanuel Turquin Janne Kontkanen Fr\u00e9do Durand Fran\u00e7ois X. Sillion and Timo Aila. 2008. A meshless hierarchical representation for light transport. ACM Trans. Graph. 27 3 (Aug. 2008) 1\u20139. DOI:10.1145\/1360612.1360636","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360636"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tzu-Mao Li Miika Aittala Fr\u00e9do Durand and Jaakko Lehtinen. 2018. Differentiable Monte Carlo ray tracing through edge sampling. ACM Trans. Graph. 37 6 (Dec. 2018) 1\u201311. DOI:10.1145\/3272127.3275109","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wen-Chieh Lin Tsung-Shian Huang Tan-Chi Ho Yueh-Tse Chen and Jung-Hong Chuang. 2013. Interactive lighting design with hierarchical light representation. Comput. Graph. Forum 32 4 (2013) 133\u2013142. DOI:10.1111\/cgf.12159","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12159"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsueh-Ti Derek Liu Michael Tao and Alec Jacobson. 2018. Paparazzi: Surface editing by way of multi-view image processing. ACM Trans. Graph. 37 6 (Dec. 2018) 1\u201311. DOI:10.1145\/3272127.3275047","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guillaume Loubet Nicolas Holzschuch and Wenzel Jakob. 2019. Reparameterizing discontinuous integrands for differentiable rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 38 6 (2019). DOI:10.1145\/3355089.3356510","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356510"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games","author":"Luksch Christan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christan Luksch, Michael Wimmer, and Michael Schw\u00e4rzler. 2019. Incrementally baked global illumination. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games. ACM. DOI:10.1145\/3306131.3317015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merlin Nimier-David Zhao Dong Wenzel Jakob and Anton Kaplanyan. 2021. Material and lighting reconstruction for complex indoor scenes with texture-space differentiable rendering. In Eurographics Symposium on Rendering\u2014DL-only Track (2021). DOI:10.2312\/SR.20211292","DOI":"10.2312\/SR.20211292"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merlin Nimier-David S\u00e9bastien Speierer Beno\u00eet Ruiz and Wenzel Jakob. 2020. Radiative backpropagation. ACM Trans. Graph. 39 4 (Jul. 2020). DOI:10.1145\/3386569.3392406","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392406"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merlin Nimier-David Delio Vicini Tizian Zeltner and Wenzel Jakob. 2019. Mitsuba 2: A retargetable forward and inverse renderer. ACM Trans. Graph. 38 6 (2019). DOI:10.1145\/3355089.3356498","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356498"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jorge Nocedal. 1980. Updating quasi-Newton matrices with limited storage. Math. Comp. 35 151 (1980) 773\u2013782. DOI:10.1090\/s0025-5718-1980-0572855-7","DOI":"10.1090\/s0025-5718-1980-0572855-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmoud Omidvar Micka\u00ebl Ribardi\u00e8re Samuel Carr\u00e9 Daniel M\u00e9neveaux and Kadi Bouatouch. 2015. A radiance cache method for highly glossy surfaces. Visual Comput. 32 10 (Oct. 2015) 1239\u20131250. DOI:10.1007\/s00371-015-1159-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-015-1159-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","unstructured":"OpenArena Team a FANDOM Games Community. 2008. OpenArena 0.8.1. Retrieved from https:\/\/openarena.ws\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabio Pellacini Frank Battaglia R. Keith Morley and Adam Finkelstein. 2007. Lighting with paint. ACM Trans. Graph. 26 2 (Jun. 2007) 9. DOI:10.1145\/1243980.1243983","DOI":"10.1145\/1243980.1243983"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/CGI.1997.601272","volume-title":"Proceedings Computer Graphics International","author":"Poulin P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"P. Poulin, K. Ratib, and M. Jacques. 1997. Sketching shadows and highlights to position lights. In Proceedings Computer Graphics International. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 56\u201363. DOI:10.1109\/CGI.1997.601272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","unstructured":"Yixuan Qiu. 2021. LBFGS++. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/yixuan\/LBFGSpp"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","unstructured":"Relux Informatik AG. 2022. ReluxDesktop. Retrieved from https:\/\/reluxnet.relux.com\/en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael Schwarz and Peter Wonka. 2014. Procedural design of exterior lighting for buildings with complex constraints. ACM Trans. Graph. 33 5 (Sep. 2014) 1\u201316. DOI:10.1145\/2629573","DOI":"10.1145\/2629573"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia (GRAPHITE\u201907)","author":"Shesh Amit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amit Shesh and Baoquan Chen. 2007. Crayon lighting: Sketch-guided illumination of models. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia (GRAPHITE\u201907). ACM Press, New York, NY, 95. DOI:10.1145\/1321261.1321278"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '91)","author":"Sillion Fran\u00e7is X.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7is X. Sillion, James R. Arvo, Stephen H. Westin, and Donald P. Greenberg. 1991. A global illumination solution for general reflectance distributions. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '91). ACM Press. DOI:10.1145\/122718.122739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter-Pike Sloan Jan Kautz and John Snyder. 2002. Precomputed radiance transfer for real-time rendering in dynamic low-frequency lighting environments. ACM Trans. Graph. 21 3 (Jul. 2002) 527\u2013536. DOI:10.1145\/566654.566612","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566612"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johannes Sorger Thomas Ortner Christian Luksch Michael Schwarzler Eduard Groller and Harald Piringer. 2016. LiteVis: Integrated visualization for simulation-based decision support in lighting design. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 22 1 (Jan. 2016) 290\u2013299. DOI:10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2468011","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2468011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","unstructured":"Jos Stam. 2020. Computing light transport gradients using the adjoint method. arxiv:cs.GR\/2006.15059. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.15059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/927297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delio Vicini S\u00e9bastien Speierer and Wenzel Jakob. 2021. Path replay backpropagation. ACM Trans. Graph. 40 4 (aug 2021) 1\u201314. DOI:10.1145\/3450626.3459804","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459804"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andreas Walch Michael Schw\u00e4rzler Christian Luksch Elmar Eisemann and Theresia Gschwandtner. 2019. LightGuider: Guiding interactive lighting design using suggestions provenance and quality visualization. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. (2019) 1\u20131. DOI:10.1109\/tvcg.2019.2934658","DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2019.2934658"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mark A. Wieczorek and Matthias Meschede. 2018. SHTools: Tools for working with spherical harmonics. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 19 8 (Aug. 2018) 2574\u20132592. DOI:10.1029\/2018gc007529","DOI":"10.1029\/2018gc007529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kai Yan Christoph Lassner Brian Budge Zhao Dong and Shuang Zhao. 2022. Efficient estimation of boundary integrals for path-space differentiable rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 41 4 (Jul. 2022) 1\u201313. DOI:10.1145\/3528223.3530080","DOI":"10.1145\/3528223.3530080"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sara Fridovich-Keil Alex Yu Matthew Tancik Qinhong Chen Benjamin Recht and Angjoo Kanazawa. 2022. Plenoxels: Radiance fields without neural networks. In IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201922).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tizian Zeltner S\u00e9bastien Speierer Iliyan Georgiev and Wenzel Jakob. 2021. Monte Carlo estimators for differential light transport. ACM Trans. Graph. 40 4 (Aug. 2021) 1\u201316. DOI:10.1145\/3450626.3459807","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459807"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng Zhang Bailey Miller Kai Yan Ioannis Gkioulekas and Shuang Zhao. 2020. Path-space differentiable rendering. ACM Trans. Graph. 39 4 (2020). DOI:10.1145\/3386569.3392383","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng Zhang Lifan Wu Changxi Zheng Ioannis Gkioulekas Ravi Ramamoorthi and Shuang Zhao. 2019. A differential theory of radiative transfer. ACM Trans. Graph. 38 6 (2019). DOI:10.1145\/3355089.3356522","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356522"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3662180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3662180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T23:57:10Z","timestamp":1750291030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3662180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3662180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3662180","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}