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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fault attacks pose a potent threat to modern cryptographic implementations, particularly those used in physically approachable embedded devices in IoT environments. Information security in such resource-constrained devices is ensured using lightweight ciphers, where combinational circuit implementations of SBox are preferable over look-up tables as they are more efficient regarding area, power, and memory requirements. Most existing fault analysis techniques focus on fault injection in memory cells and registers. Recently, a novel fault model and analysis technique, namely<jats:italic>Semi-Permanent Stuck-At<\/jats:italic>(SPSA) fault analysis, has been proposed to evaluate the security of ciphers with combinational circuit implementation of<jats:italic>Substitution layer<\/jats:italic>elements, SBox. In this work, we propose optimized techniques to recover the key in a minimum number of ciphertexts in such implementations of lightweight ciphers. Based on the proposed techniques, a key recovery attack on the NIST lightweight cryptography (NIST-LWC) standardization process finalist,<jats:monospace>Elephant<\/jats:monospace>AEAD, has been proposed. The proposed key recovery attack is validated on two versions of<jats:monospace>Elephant<\/jats:monospace>cipher. The proposed fault analysis approach recovered the secret key within 85\u2013240 ciphertexts, calculated over 1,000 attack instances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on fault analysis attacks on the<jats:monospace>Elephant<\/jats:monospace>scheme. Furthermore, an optimized combinational circuit implementation of<jats:italic>Spongent<\/jats:italic>SBox (SBox used in<jats:monospace>Elephant<\/jats:monospace>cipher) is proposed, having a smaller gate count than the optimized implementation reported in the literature. The proposed fault analysis techniques are validated on primary and optimized versions of<jats:italic>Spongent<\/jats:italic>SBox through Verilog simulations. Further, we pinpoint SPSA hotspots in the lightweight<jats:monospace>GIFT<\/jats:monospace>cipher SBox architecture. We observe that<jats:monospace>GIFT<\/jats:monospace>SBox exhibits resilience toward the proposed SPSA fault analysis technique under the single fault adversarial model. However,<jats:italic>eight<\/jats:italic>SPSA fault patterns reduce the nonlinearity of the SBox to zero, rendering it vulnerable to linear cryptanalysis. Conclusively, SPSA faults may adversely affect the cryptographic properties of an SBox, thereby leading to trivial key recovery. The<jats:monospace>GIFT<\/jats:monospace>cipher is used as an example to focus on two aspects: (i) its SBox construction is resilient to the proposed SPSA analysis and therefore characterizing such constructions for SPSA resilience and (ii) an SBox even though resilient to the proposed SPSA analysis, may exhibit vulnerabilities toward other classical analysis techniques when subjected to SPSA faults. Our work reports new vulnerabilities in fault analysis in the combinational circuit implementations of cryptographic protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3662734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T11:38:33Z","timestamp":1714390713000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Semi-Permanent Stuck-At Fault injection attacks on Elephant and GIFT lightweight ciphers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1708-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1883-4639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bodhisatwa","family":"Mazumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-015-0103-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66787-4_9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES\u201917),","author":"Anceau St\u00e9phanie","year":"2017","unstructured":"St\u00e9phanie Anceau, Pierre Bleuet, Jessy Cl\u00e9di\u00e8re, Laurent Maingault, Jean-Luc Rainard, and R\u00e9mi Tucoulou. 2017. 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